Embodied Knowledge and Extra-Verbal Culture
Version: 20191217
Author Information:
Dr. Andreas Goppold
The contact information is a graphic
to keep away spammers.
This file is located on the www
server of the author:
http://www.noologie.de/embodied.htm
http://www.noologie.de/embodied.pdf
Short Table of Contents
4 The Hypertext and Multimedia Techniques used
5 Embodied vs. Objective Knowledge
6 Current Approaches to Embodied Knowledge
7 Language: A Subtle Ethnocentrism?
8 Materials on Anthropological Theory
9 The Deep Structures of Mythology
10 Notes on Various Dynamic Traditions
11 Comments on Ethnological Theory and History
12 Conclusion: The Living Feeling Experience
Long Table of Contents
4 The Hypertext and Multimedia Techniques used
5 Embodied vs. Objective Knowledge
5.1 Knowledge of the
World as Objects
5.2.1 Sloterdijk "Sphären" and
"Anthropotechniken"
5.2.2 About German "Sprachblasen"
5.3 The Problem of
Transcendental Meaning of the Signified
5.3.1 Neuronal
Representations
5.3.2 Information on
Saussure's theory
5.3.3 The Essay of Jorge
Luis Borges
5.3.4 Dividing the
Objects of the Universe into Classes and Subdivisions
5.3.5 The Search for
the Perfect Language
6 Current Approaches to Embodied Knowledge
6.1 Konrad Lehmann: Ich denkender Körper
6.1.1 Wahrnehmung erfordert Handlung
6.1.2 Die Welt: ein Möglichkeitsraum
6.2 Perspectivism and
Embodied Cognition
6.4.1 A Lesson for
Artificial Intelligence
6.4.2 A Connection to
Jordanus Brunus
6.4.3 Jordan Peterson:
Maps of Meaning
6.4.4 The World of Value
vs. Objectivism
6.4.5 Quotes from
"Maps of Meaning"
6.4.6 A
Condensation of "Maps of
Meaning"
6.4.7 A Discussion of
Peterson's Work
6.4.8 The Polarization of
Sexes
6.4.10 A Comparison of the
Mythology of Campbell and Peterson
6.4.11 More Information
about Joseph Campbell's Work
6.5 Nietzsche: "Die unbefleckte Erkenntnis"
6.5.1 Nietzsche and Heraklitos
6.5.2 Nietzsche and "Völkerpsychologie"
6.5.3 Nietzsche: Etwas, das "sich versteht", ein
Volk
6.5.4 Kulturnetzspinne Nietzsche
6.6 Nietzsche and the Art of High Tight-Rope Walking
6.6.1 Nietzsche's Ideas about the "Übermensch"
7 Language: A Subtle Ethnocentrism?
7.1.1 Noam Chomsky: Linguistic Philosophy
7.1.3 The Story of Daniel
Everett
7.2 Onoma Homoion to
Pragmati?
8 Materials on Anthropological Theory
8.1.1 Theoretical
Anthropology
8.1.2 The New Adventures
of the Human Spirit
8.1.3 Why so many USA
Professors have a Large Beard
8.2.1 Human Culture has
formed Human Nature
8.2.2 Human Infants
Depend on a Society to Survive
8.3 The Observable
Universe is Socially Constructed
8.3.1 Strukturalismus und
Wirklichkeit
8.3.2 The Explored
Territory and the Unexplored Territory
8.3.3 "Wirklichkeit"
is NOT "Reality"
8.4 Darwinian /
Physicalist Theories
8.4.4 Ethology, Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Konrad Lorenz
8.4.5 Physicalism and Consciousness
8.5 Deductive vs.
Inductive Methods
8.7.1 French Rationalism
and Descartes
8.7.2 The Problems of the
Cartesian View
8.7.3 Rationalism and
French Intellectuals
8.7.4 Rousseau and
Romanticism
8.8 Derrida, Grammatology
and Mental Imagery
8.8.1 Neuronal Excitation
Structure
8.8.2 The Ideographic
Chinese Writing System
8.8.3 More Information on
Grammatology
8.9 Oppositions,
Distinctions and Tension Fields
8.9.1 Categorization by
Tension Fields
8.12 Lev Gumilev and the Ethnology of Passionarnost
8.12.1 Videos about the Work of Gumilev
8.12.2 Quotes and Comments to Gumilev's Work on the Noologie
Server
8.12.3 Die Theoretische Kultur-Anthropologie
8.13 Philosophische Anthropologie
8.14 Webs of Meaning: Semiotics
8.14.1 Peirce's Triadic Categories
8.14.2 Kant und das Schnabeltier
8.14.3 Literature on Yuri Lotman
9 The Deep Structures of Mythology
9.1.2 Mythology as an a priori System
9.1.3 Imagination as
Extra- Language Ability
9.1.4 The Mythology of Western Scientific Culture
9.2 Hertha von Dechend: Archaeo-Astronomie
9.2.1 Fragestellungen zu mythologischen Überlieferungen
9.2.2 Statistische Ansätze der Vergleichenden Mythologie
9.2.3 Kultur-Mythen-Analyse und Ethno-Kybernetik
9.2.4 A Commentary on
Hamlet’s Mill
9.2.5 Ein Paradebeispiel der Archaeo-Astronomie: Die
Inka-Zivilisation
9.2.6 Index und Stichwortsuche in Hamlet's Mill
9.3 More Themes of Theoretical Anthropology
9.3.1 Videos about
Anthropology
9.3.3 Traditions of Trans-Gender
9.3.4 More Questions than Answers
10 Notes on Various Dynamic Traditions
10.1 The Australian Aranda Tradition
10.2 The Dance
Traditions of Ancient Mediterranea
11 Comments on Ethnological Theory and History
11.1 The Mythological
Structure of "Hamlet"
11.2 Marcel Mauss: Techniques of the Body
11.2.1 Karl Bücher: Arbeit und Rhythmus
11.2.2 The Music Theory of Rhythm
11.2.3 The Theory and Practice of Polyrhythmics
11.2.4 The Dissertation of the Present Author
11.2.5 Peter Sloterdijk: "Du musst Dein Leben
ändern"
11.3 Malinowski: Argonauts of the Western Pacific
11.3.1 The Situation in Present-day Western New Guinea
11.4 Clifford Geertz on Bali Cockfight
11.4.1 The Vedic/Brahmanic Background of Bali
11.4.2 Quotes from the Geertz Article
11.4.3 Videos of Bali Cockfight
11.4.4 Some Nicer Folkloristic Aspects of Bali
11.5 Flavien Ndonko: Deutsche Hunde
11.5.1 The Societal Scale of Values of Dogs
11.5.3 Aboriginal Australians and Dingo Dogs
11.5.5 Higher Intellectual Abilities of Dogs
11.5.6 Wolves, Dog Genealogy and DNA
11.5.7 A Speculative Story of Paleo-History
11.6 The Case of Margret Mead and Samoa
11.7 Wouter Goris: Wahrheitsspiele
11.8 Comments to: Einführung in die Ethnologie
12 Conclusion: The Living Feeling Experience
This is a list of the local hyperlinks referenced in this text:
->aquinas ->bali_vedic ->bali_ramayana
->campbell_work ->campbell_comparison
->campbell_monomyth ->chinese_writing ->chomsky1
->diamond_jared ->dechend1 ->dechend2 ->derrida_grammatology
->descartes_problem ->double_sex ->dualism_split
->eco1 ->eco_kant ->eco_language
->embodied_knowledge ->embodied_vs_objectivism
->en_archae ->french_rationalism
->geertz1 ->genetics ->gibson1 ->grammatology_info
->gumilev1 ->hamlet1 ->imagination ->imagination_extra_lang
->lotman_semiosphere ->lotman_theory
->malinowski1 ->mmauss1 ->mmead1
->neuronal_excitation ->neuronal_represent
->ndonko1
->nietzsche_unbefleckt ->nietzsche_volk ->nietzsche_heraklit
->nietzsche_kulturnetz ->nietzsche_tightrope ->nietzsche_uebermensch
->ouroboros ->peirce_triad ->perspectivism
->peterson1 ->peterson_discuss
->physicalism_mind ->physicalism_scientific ->professor_beard
->rousseau ->rousseau_romanticism ->romantic_humanity
->semiotics ->sloterdijk_sphaere ->struct_mythology
->third_sex ->tight_rope
AG The Abbreviation AG is used
as short for "the present author".
[AG: ... ] This is used for a comment within a quotation by AG.
[[ ... ]] This is used when AG makes a longer comment or footnote,
because within an .htm text footnotes are cumbersome and result in excessive
clicking.
The term "Embodied Knowledge" is used for a type of knowledge
that is known in several different ways: extra-verbal / incarnated / somatic /
tacit knowledge. The wikipedia gives a good definition of this kind of
knowledge:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge [Accessed: 2019-11-19]
Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge) is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of
writing it down or verbalizing it. For example, that London is in the United
Kingdom is a piece of explicit knowledge that can be written down, transmitted,
and understood by a recipient. However, the ability to speak a language, ride a
bicycle, knead dough, play a musical instrument, or design and use complex
equipment requires all sorts of knowledge which is not always known explicitly,
even by expert practitioners, and which is difficult or impossible to
explicitly transfer to other people. ...
In
the field of knowledge
management, the concept of
tacit knowledge refers to a knowledge which can not be fully codified.
Therefore, an individual can acquire tacit knowledge without language.
Apprentices, for example, work with their mentors and learn craftsmanship not
through language but by observation, imitation, and practice.
The
key to acquiring tacit knowledge is experience. Without some form of shared
experience, it is extremely difficult for people to share each other's thinking
processes.[6]
The present discussion makes a distinction between the predominantly
western scientific attitude of (mostly verbal-written) epistemic / cognitive
knowledge and a more prominently extra-verbal tacit knowledge that is commonly
associated with "indigenous" traditions of people who do not rely on
the tradition of written words but on traditions of performance acts such as
music, dance, and mythical stories which are songs and not discourses. This
also serves as an introduction to the research project of the present author:
"The Extra-Verbal World of the
Performative and Dance Traditions"
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The proponents of the first (western) tradition entertain an attitude of
the human "subject" in polar opposition to the "object" (of
the world, in latin: "res"), and "Reality" is the
collection of all the "objects" in the world. This attitude may lead
to a tendency to control and subjugate the world of objects and living beings
(also as objects) in accord to the human desires and needs. This is formulated
paradigmatically in Genesis 1:28.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1%3A1-28&version=KJV
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be
fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have
dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every
living thing that moveth upon the earth.
Something similar is also expressed by Francis Bacon in his formulation
of the scientific method:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baconian_method [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
In contrast to the western scientific approach, the extra-verbal tacit
knowledge is more of the type "being embedded in the world". Taken to
the extreme, this view may lead to a somewhat romantic
"Rousseau"-type of interpretation of the "noble sauvage".
So this should not be read "as-if" there were (or had been) a
perfectly nature-harmonious indigenous society anywhere in the history of
humanity. Rather it serves to illustrate the point that there exists an own
value system of incarnate or somatic knowledge and this is difficult to
conceptualize with the western epistemic methods of verbal written descriptions.
There are many cases where written words are not adequate to convey to a reader
how such and such embodied experiences may convey such and such specific
feelings. For all the types of somatic knowledge it doesn't even need to have a
verbal description. This disproves the wide-spread assumption that spoken words
of a language are necessary to entertain a working knowledge of these factors
of human life. Marcel Mauss has given many examples for that in
"Techniques of the Body". It can be said that a dance, a song, and a
piece of music are literally a "thing-in-itself" in the Kantian
sense. ->mmauss1
The present work makes full use of present-day Hypertext and Multimedia
techniques. It is the intention of the author to give adequate presentations of
dynamic and performative events like videos of dances and music in an
appropriate format. It is therefore not very useful to solely use the
printed-page .pdf format. For this the .htm format should be used. It is
advisable to set the display width of the browser to an approximate display of
around 80 chars per line to facilitate reading. Internal .hml links are written
in the format ->xyz like in ->petersen1 .
The Hypertext format also allows to link to longer texts and thus the
creation of large associative data bases. The work of Aby Warburg and his
institute gives us some in-depth background information on the subject:
http://www.noologie.de/aby.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/aby.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The computational methods used are the Hypertext facilities of the
Microsoft Word 2000 program. This program runs under Windows 7 and XP but
doesn't run on Windows 8 and 10. Since the later versions of Microsoft Word may
have other functionalities or other macro languages, it cannot be guaranteed
that these functions will work in these later versions. Here are some links to
the www-site of the author which give more information in German on these
Hypertext and Multimedia techniques:
Die Hypertext-Navigation / WWW- Hypertext- Computer- Technik
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#hyper_nav1
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#hyper_technik
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#hypertext
The Hypertext technique was first developed and presented in the PhD
dissertation of the present author:
"Design und Zeit: Kultur im Spannungsfeld von Entropie, Transmission, und Gestaltung".
http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fb05/diss1999/goppold/
[Accessed: 2019-10-26]
The printable version cannot, of course provide the embedded Hypertext
structure:
http://www.noologie.de/ag-dis.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The Hypertext technique is described here:
http://www.noologie.de/desn14.htm - Heading55 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The htm-versions have many embedded hypertext links:
http://www.noologie.de/desn.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
It also contains an automatically generated index:
http://www.noologie.de/desn_i.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
There is an access path via the outline structure
http://www.noologie.de/desn_c.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
One may distinguish two great classes of knowledge:
1) Discursive knowledge that can be put into verbal descriptions,
diagrams, symbols (like mathematics), and that can be put into books or films.
2) The other class could be called embodied or tacit knowledge.
It consists mainly of "learning by doing" and largely resists verbal
description. This is explained in the following section:
Whereas western science relies heavily on discursive knowledge, the
embodied knowledge can be found to a great extent in non-writing or so-called indigenous
societies.
Western science is characterized by the episteme (Erkenntnis), or cognitive
knowledge of the world as-objects, also called objectivism.
It is knowledge of the world as a collection of Kantian
things-"in-itself". [This usage of the term objectivism is
only superficially related to the philosophical school of Objectivism that is
based on the work of Ayn Rand].
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)
The philosophy of Objectivity has been the guiding principle of
western science and philosophy. All the major schools have dealt with this
subjects, as the wikipedia article shows.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)
Objectivity of
knowledge
Plato considered geometry a
condition of idealism concerned
with universal truth.
His contrasting between objectivity and opinion became
the basis for philosophies intent on resolving the questions of reality, truth,
and existence. He
saw opinions as belonging to the shifting sphere of sensibilities, as
opposed to a fixed, eternal and knowable incorporeality.
Where Plato distinguished between how we know things and
their ontological status, subjectivism such
as George Berkeley's
depends on perception.[2] In Platonic terms,
a criticism of subjectivism is that it is difficult to distinguish between
knowledge, opinions, and subjective knowledge.[3]
Platonic idealism is a form of metaphysical objectivism,
holding that the ideas exist independently from
the individual. Berkeley's empirical idealism,
on the other hand, holds that things only exist as they are perceived.
Both approaches boast an attempt at objectivity. Plato's definition of
objectivity can be found in his
epistemology,
which is based on mathematics,
and his
metaphysics,
where knowledge of the ontological status of objects and ideas is resistant to
change.[2]
In opposition to philosopher René Descartes'
method of personal deduction,
natural philosopher Isaac Newton applied
the relatively objective scientific method to
look for evidence before
forming a hypothesis.[4] Partially
in response to Kant's rationalism,
logician Gottlob Frege applied
objectivity to his epistemological and metaphysical philosophies. If reality
exists independently of consciousness,
then it would logically include a plurality of indescribable forms.
Objectivity requires a definition of truth formed
by propositions with truth value. An
attempt of forming an objective construct incorporates ontological
commitments to
the reality of objects.[5]
The philosophy of Objectivity may be useful when one wants to
compile a really huge dictionary of everything-there-is, together with all the
properties of these things, and how they can be put to some use, which is
essentially the task of all the western sciences. There exist millions upon
millions of verbal and symbolic descriptions of the objects of various
sciences: Like physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and so on. Typically, it
needs many years of study by the respective practicioners of these sciences to
master their field, and this leads to an immense specialization in modern
sciences. Categorization is the most important task for putting these
immense stores of knowledge into some order. This is especially important for
library science, to form useful classifications.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization
The classical view on categorization
Main article: Categories
(Aristotle)
Classical categorization first appears in the
context of Western
Philosophy in
the work of Plato,
who, in his Statesman dialogue,
introduces the approach of grouping objects based on their similar properties.
This approach was further explored and systematized by Aristotle in
his Categories treatise,
where he analyzes the differences between classes and objects.
Aristotle also applied intensively the classical categorization scheme in his
approach to the classification of living beings (which uses the technique of
applying successive narrowing questions such as "Is it an animal or
vegetable?", "How many feet does it have?", "Does it have
fur or feathers?", "Can it fly?"...), establishing this way the
basis for natural taxonomy.
According to the classical Aristotelian view,
categories are discrete entities characterized by a set of features that are
shared by their members. In analytic
philosophy,
these features are assumed to establish the conditions which are both necessary
and sufficient conditions to
capture meaning.
In the classical view, categories need to be clearly
defined, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. This way, any entity
in the given classification universe belongs unequivocally to one, and only
one, of the proposed categories.
Modern versions of classical categorization theory
study how the brain learns and represents categories by detecting the features
that distinguish members from nonmembers.[2][3]
More on this is in the following articles:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/theories-of-cognitive-categorization-classification.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_classification [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
When we take the everyday experience of humans to deal with their environment (social and natural) we find the need to respond and act on the spot, without being able to use a scientific dictionary for this. It is the task to get something usable for the survival value of an organism like a human. This is especially the case in "indigenous" settings where there is no hugely elaborated scientific knowledge available. This latter point of view is also called the pragmatic or "Darwinian" mode of knowledge. This aspect is being dealt with in more depth in the following sections: The article by Konrad Lehmann in Telepolis ->lehmann1, the work of James J. Gibson ->gibson1, and of Jordan Peterson. ->petersen1
Also, there is the view of Peter Sloterdijk in his "Sphären"
trilogy. Here we deal with another version of the pragmatic approach. There are
spheres of influence, that which we can influence, and that which influences
us. See: Some thoughts about Sloterdijk's "Sphären":
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#sloterdijk1
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#sphere_influence [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.geogr-helv.net/73/261/2018/gh-73-261-2018.pdf
https://www.geogr-helv.net/73/261/2018/
Tobias Boos, Simon Runkel: Einführung: Die
ungeheuerliche Raumphilosophie von Peter Sloterdijk.
Sein Raumbegriff ist also kein
geometrisch verfasster euklidischer Raum, sondern umfasst territoriale,
symbolische, soziale, technische, historische und ästhetische Dimensionen
(Sloterdijk, 1998:84–85; Busch, 2007:116; Günzel, 2006:117). Aufgrund seiner
dimensionalen Vielfältigkeit eignet sich Sloterdijks Raumbegriff zur
empirischen Gesellschafts- und Kulturanalyse in Zeiten der Globalisierung
(Gielis und van Houtum, 2012; Boos, 2013; Brighenti und Pavoni, 2017; Runkel,
2014) genauso wie zur Ausarbeitung politischer Perspektiven, die auf die
kommenden Herausforderungen der Menschheit, wie die Ressourcenknappheit, den
Klimawandel und dem globalen Terrorismus, Bezug nehmen (Sloterdijk, 2015;
Hemelsoet, 2009; Wastl-Walter und Korf, 2016; Žižek, 2009).
...
Neben dem biologischen Immunsystem
identifiziert er zwei Immunsysteme, die er als kulturelle Leistungen der
Menschen sieht: die sozio-immunologischen
Praktiken im Bereich des sozialen Miteinanders und die psycho-immunologischen
Praktiken im Bereich des Symbolischen. In beiden Fällen handelt es sich um
menschliche Techniken, Anthropotechniken, durch deren Einübung sich Menschen
Welt aneignen und gemeinsam in ihr einrichten (Sloterdijk, 2009a:19–23). Als
Beispiele von Anthropotechniken nennt Sloterdijk sowohl das Benutzen von
Steinwerkzeug (Sloterdijk, 2001:179–184) als auch das Schul- und
Erziehungswesen (Sloterdijk, 2001b:202, 2009a:563, 679–685).
There is a quite interesting field of German
"Sprachblasen" which is almost in-translatable into other languages.
This may be an intellectual art form of over-reaching and over-boarding metaphors
that seems to exist in the hydroponic beds of German Intellectualism. I refer
to some of these "Sprachblasen" just for the sake of documentation.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#sprach_blasen
There is a problem of western epistemic philosophy that it
initially was based on a transcendental theory of meaning. In the Platonic
and Christian view, the meaning of words resides in some transcendental
realm. It is either the "world of ideas", or the world of God's
Logos of the creation. The problem becomes apparent with Saussure's theory
of semiotics.[1] It manifests in the relation
of the signifier and the signified. Initially, the signified
rests on the metaphysical assumption of the meaning-of-a-word
that there must exist something transcendental that ensures the validity
of this relation. But no-one today knows where this transcendental meaning
resides. And this is obviously not accepted by contemporary materialistic /
physicalistic science. Derrida has criticized the above idea of God's
Logos as logocentrism in his treatise On Grammatology which
is discussed here in the following chapter: ->derrida_grammatology
The question is, how can a constancy of meaning be established
among speakers of so many languages and cultural backgrounds. Or
rather, there exists no constancy, and there is a great degree of relativism.
This applies especially to the non-physically material aspects of the social
world, namely the values and belief systems, the norms and regulations, and
finally the religious aspects of so many different societies of humanity. This
is also called the emic view and it is the most important subject of Cultural
Anthropology or Ethnology as it is called in the German scientific
tradition.
All the great semioticians have discussed the problem of this relation,
and we may quote as the most prominent workers Umberto Eco and C.S. Peirce, and
the Eastern European school of Lotman et al. See the chapter on semiotics:
->web_meaning
->lotman_semiosphere
->lotman_theory
->peirce_triad
->eco1
->eco_kant
Present-day discussions of science center mostly on neuronal
representations.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741769000294
Michael Platt, Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, Neuroscience of
Preference and Choice: Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms,
Academic Press, 2012.
https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/138/11/3459/2095610
Edmund T. Rolls: The neuronal representation of
information in the human brain.[2]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692413/pdf/9854255.pdf
W Singer: Consciousness and the structure of
neuronal representations.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Nov 29;
353(1377): 1829–1840.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0335
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10722-y
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559104v1
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559104v1.full.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure
According
to him, linguistic entities are parts of a system and are defined by their
relations to one another within said system.[23] The thinker
used the game of chess for his
analogy, citing that the game is not defined by the physical attributes of the
chess pieces but the relation of each piece to the other pieces.[23]
Saussure's
status in contemporary theoretical linguistics, however, is much diminished,
with many key positions now dated or subject to challenge, but
post-structuralist 21st-century reception remains more open to Saussure's
influence.[24] His main
contribution to structuralism was his theory of a two-tiered reality about
language. The first is the langue, the abstract and invisible
layer, while the second, the parole, refers to the actual speech
that we hear in real life.[25] This
framework was later adopted by Claude
Levi-Strauss, who used the
two-tiered model to determine the reality of myths. His idea was that all myths
have an underlying pattern, which form the structure that makes them myths.[25] These
established the structuralist framework to literary criticism.
...
Its
central notion is that language may be analyzed as a formal system of
differential elements, apart from the messy dialectics of real-time production
and comprehension. Examples of these elements include his notion of the linguistic
sign, which is composed
of the signifier and the signified. Though the sign may also have a referent,
Saussure took that to lie beyond the linguist's purview.
Throughout
the book, he stated that a linguist can develop a diachronic analysis of a text
or theory of language but must learn just as much or more about the
language/text as it exists at any moment in time (i.e.
"synchronically"): "Language is a system of signs that expresses
ideas". A science that studies the life of signs within society and is a
part of social and general psychology. Saussure believed that semiotics is
concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign, he called it semiology.
Later
critics
The
closing sentence of Saussure's Course in General Linguistics has been
challenged in many[weasel words] academic
disciplines and subdisciplines with its contention that "linguistics has
as its unique and true object the language envisioned in itself and for
itself".[29] By the latter
half of the 20th century, many of Saussure's ideas were under heavy criticism.
Saussure's
linguistic ideas are still considered important for their time but have since
suffered considerably under rhetorical developments aimed at showing how
linguistics had changed or was changing with the times. As a consequence,
Saussure's ideas are now often presented by professional linguists as outdated
and as superseded by developments such as cognitive
linguistics and generative
grammar or have been
so modified in their basic tenets as to make their use in their original
formulations difficult without risking distortion, as in systemic
linguistics. That development
is occasionally overstated, however; Jan Koster states,
"Saussure, considered the most important linguist of the century in Europe
until the 1950s, hardly plays a role in current theoretical thinking about
language,"[30] Over-reactions
can also be seen in comments of the cognitive linguist Mark Turner[31] who reports
that many of Saussure's concepts were "wrong on a grand scale". It is
necessary to be rather more finely nuanced in the positions attributed to
Saussure and in their longterm influence on the development of linguistic
theorizing in all schools; for a more recent rereading of Saussure with respect
to such issues, see Paul Thibault.[32] Just as many
principles of structural linguistics are still pursued, modified and adapted in
current practice and according to what has been learnt since about the embodied
functioning of brain and the role of language within this, basic tenets begun
with Saussure still can be found operating behind the scenes today.[citation
needed]
Jorge Luis Borges had criticized the arbitrariness of meaning in
his essay about:
The Analytical Language Of John Wilkins
https://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/155/assignment/ex1/Borges.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
This is the question if there can be a spoken language that is powerful
enough to encode "what the universe really is". The quote is from p.
3 of the article:
I
have registered the arbitrarities of Wilkins ... it is clear that there is no
classification of the
Universe
not being arbitrary and full of conjectures. The reason for this is very
simple: we do not know what thing the universe is. ...
We
are allowed to go further; we can suspect that there is no universe in the
organic, unifying sense, that this ambitious term has. If there is a universe,
it's [sic] aim is not
conjectured
yet; we have not yet conjectured the words, the definitions, the etymologies,
the synonyms, from the secret dictionary of God.
In one part, the project of dividing the universe into classes and
subdivisions, has more or less succesfully been achieved in many sciences, like
the atomic table of Mendeleyev, the theory of chemical compounds,
and the Linnaean taxonomy, even though this has been recognized to
be in need of regular updates since science has progressed beyond that:[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The question of the Analytical Language of John Wilkins relates
to this very ancient western philosophical theme: If and how the spoken word
(or a mathematical formula) can correspond to the reality (of a thing or an
object of the world). It is again the problem of signifier and signified.
An in-depth discussion of this theme is given by Umberto Eco:
"The Search for the Perfect Language".
https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2017/LJMedB25/um/seminar_4/Eco_The_Search_for_the_Perfect_Language.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The important ascpect of the original Christian philosophy tradition
needs to be clarified: It is based not on the spoken word that a human may
utter, but on the concept of the Logos of Joh. 1.1. "En archae en
ho logos". In ancient Greek, the Logos has a much wider meaning
than a word. This is the word or better the "summum intellectus" of
God, and as such it is something transcendent that cannot be
communicated in human words. Again, this is the subject of the discussion of
Derrida in Of Grammatology.
There are also quite different philosophical ideas what the Logos
actually is. See:
This transcendental nature is also referred to in the many talks of
Jordan Peterson. See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:1 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity) [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The underlying assumption is that God had created the universe to be
intelligible by humans.
See also: Martin Lang:–– Kulturnetzspinne Nietzsche, p. 51:
Vorher war der wichtigste Gegenstand des Wissens Gott, und die Theologie
die Königin der Wissenschaften, von der Welt ließ sich letztlich nur
als-durch-Gott-geordnet etwas wissen, der die Welt ja geschaffen hatte, und
seine Ordnung, die göttliche Ordnung in der Form dieser Welt ausgedrückt hatte, die nun der Mensch
mühsam diskursiv nachvollziehen konnte
und sollte.
This is aptly summarized by Thomas Aquinas:
http://www.kathpedia.com/index.php/Wahrheit [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Innerhalb der
mittelalterlichen Philosophie ist Thomas von Aquin derjenige gewesen, der die Korrespondenz- oder
Adäquationstheorie der Wahrheit besonders klar vertreten hat. In
den Quaestiones disputatae de veritate findet sich die klassischen
Formulierung der so gen. (und wohl unübertroffenen) Korrespondenztheorie der
Wahrheit als „adaequatio rei et intellectus (Übereinstimmung der Sache mit dem
Verstand)“.
Vgl.
Thomas von Aquin: Quaestiones disputatae de veritate q.1.a.1.
AG: The concept of intellectus is of course more encompassing
than a word of spoken language. It is the episteme itself.
Heise, Telepolis, 31. August 2019, Konrad Lehmann
https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Ich-denkender-Koerper-4501581.html
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The article by Konrad Lehmann describes very well the importance of
embodiment of any knowledge, and gives a slightly different aspect of the
pragmatic knowledge that Peterson spells out. ->peterson1
Offensichtlich nehmen wir unsere
unmittelbare Umwelt nicht nur als Struktur physikalischer Reize wahr, sondern
in Bezug auf unsere Möglichkeiten. Wir vermessen unseren Bewegungsraum in
Einheiten unseres Körpers. Wahrnehmen und Handeln fallen zusammen.
[AG: "in Bezug auf unsere Möglichkeiten", this is expressed by Peterson as "affordances"
->peterson1 ].
Das ist eine der Erkenntnisse der
Denkschule der Embodied Cognition, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten allmählich
den schon klassischen Kognitivismus abgelöst hat.
Für den Kognitivismus spielt die
Verkörperung des denkenden Wesens keine Rolle: Sinneswahrnehmungen sind
Rohmaterial des Denkens, das von den Sinnesorganen frei Haus geliefert wird.
Das Denkorgan analysiert sie, macht interne Repräsentationen daraus, verknüpft
sie mit anderen, zieht Schlüsse - und bewirkt erst dann eine Handlung.
Wahrnehmen - Denken - Handeln sind darin ein linearer Ablauf. Und Denken ist
das Hantieren mit Begriffen, das Operieren mit Symbolen.
...
Aber so ist es nicht, und die
körperbezogene Vermessung der Welt ist nur ein Beispiel dafür. Schon
Wahrnehmung erfordert Handlung, Sprachverstehen ist innere Bewegung, Denken ist
körperlich. Und es kommen noch die Gefühle dazu. Ganz zu schweigen von den
Bakterien in unseren Gedärmen und dem Licht auf unserer Haut, die mit
beeinflussen, wie wir uns fühlen und was wir tun.
Was unsere Hauptsinne betrifft, so
halten wir uns meist für passive Rezipienten. So untätig wir auch sitzen, es
strahlt doch das Licht in unsere Augen, es schwingt doch der Schall in unsere
Ohren. Doch das täuscht. Man muss nur die Aufmerksamkeit verlagern auf den im
Tierreich wohl am weitest verbreiteten Sinn: das Tasten. Einfach die
Handflächen vor sich zu halten, vermittelt so gut wie keine Information (außer
vielleicht Temperatur und Luftzug). Um tastend etwas wahrzunehmen, müssen wir
die Hände über eine Oberfläche bewegen.
Und wenn wir genauer hinsehen, ist
das auch beim Sehen so: Wir sehen genauer hin. Wir erkunden die Umwelt
neugierig und aktiv, wenn wir nicht gerade vor dem Fernseher sitzen, wir tasten
die Welt mit den Augen ab. Nicht grundlos empfinden Frauen bisweilen Blicke als
übergriffig. Und dabei beginnt es schon viel einfacher: In den Sakkaden
flackern unsere Augen ständig. Wenn wir sie ruhigstellen - wozu es das
Nervengift Curare braucht -, dann zerfällt nach einiger Zeit das Bild. Ohne
Augenbewegung kein Sehen.
Ohne Atmen kein Riechen. Ohne
Schnüffeln findet der Hund keine Spur. Und wir müssen den Kopf wenden, um eine
Schallquelle zu orten. Fledermäuse - eines der Lieblingsbeispiele der Embodied
Cognition-Forscher - senden sogar selbst Töne aus, um sich zu orientieren. Wale
natürlich ebenso.
Aber dabei bleibt es nicht. Wie im
einleitenden Beispiel gezeigt, nehmen wir die Welt als Handlungsraum wahr. Das
haben vor rund hundert Jahren schon der Physiologe und Philosoph der Biologie
Jakob von Uexküll und der Philosoph Maurice Merleau-Ponty beobachtet: Für von
Uexküll war jeder Gegenstand in der Umwelt eines Tieres wie mit einem
"Ton" belegt, der ihm in der Wahrnehmung des Tieres Bedeutung
verleiht: etwas zum Essen, etwas zum Verstecken, etwas zum Fürchten ...
Merleau-Ponty untersuchte phänomenologisch die Wahrnehmung des Menschen und
erkannte seine Welt als bestimmt durch das "Ich kann".
Auch im Gehirn werden diejenigen
Teile der Welt, die wir manipulieren können, besonders behandelt. Bei Makaken
kennt man einerseits miteinander verbundene Gehirngebiete in sensorischen und
motorischen Bereichen, die den Körperraum repräsentieren, also die unmittelbare
Umgebung des Tieres, und andererseits dazu benachbarte vernetzte Gebiete, die
entferntere visuelle Wahrnehmungen abbilden. Trainiert man nun einen Affen,
einen Stock zu verwenden, dann erweitert sich die neuronale Repräsentation des
Körperraums.
...
Möglicherweise nehmen wir die Welt
überhaupt nur wahr, wenn wir mit ihr interagieren können. In einem klassischen
Versuch zogen vor über fünfzig Jahren Richard Held und Alan Hein Kätzchen im
Dunkeln auf und ließen sie nur unter strengen Versuchsbedingungen ins Licht:
Die eine Hälfte der Kätzchen saß während der Lichtausflüge in je einem engen
Käfigwagen, der von jeweils einem Mitglied der anderen Hälfte gezogen wurde.
Die Seherfahrung der beiden zusammengeschirrten Tiere war also identisch, nur
erkundete das eine Tier die Welt aktiv, während das andere passiv an ihr
vorbeigezogen wurde. Nachdem das Sehsystem ausgereift wurde, testeten Held und
Hein die Sehfähigkeit der Katzen. Jene, die gezogen hatten, konnten normal
sehen. Jene, die in den Käfigen gesessen hatten, waren blind.
Da wir die Welt als Handlungsraum
wahrnehmen, sind für uns Bewegungen darin stets Handlungen. Die Spiegelneuronen
im Prämotorkortex der Makaken feuern nicht nur dann, wenn der Affe die
identische Bewegung beobachtet, bei deren eigener Ausführung seine Neuronen
aktiv sind. Sondern immer dann, wenn eine beobachtete Bewegung die damit
verfolgte Absicht erreicht: Ein Neuron feuert, wenn ein Apfelstück ergriffen
wird, egal ob mit der Faust oder mit den Fingern, von der Seite oder von oben.
Der Affe spiegelt nicht Gelenkwinkel, sondern Handlungen.
Wir Menschen tun dies sogar dann,
wenn wir Handlungen gar nicht sehen, sondern bloß sprachlich benennen. Selbst
die Sprache als ureigenstes Reich des Symbolischen wird - wenigstens zum Teil -
bei uns im Gehirn verkörpert, also durch inneres Ausleben verstanden.
See also Nietzsche's Perspectivism: ->perspectivism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition
Embodied cognition is the theory
that many features of cognition, whether human or
otherwise, are shaped by aspects of the entire body of the organism. The
features of cognition include high level mental constructs (such as concepts and categories) and performance
on various cognitive tasks (such as reasoning or judgment). The aspects of the
body include the motor system, the perceptual system, bodily
interactions with the environment (situatedness), and the
assumptions about the world that are built into the structure of the organism.
The
embodied mind thesis challenges other theories, such as cognitivism, computationalism, and Cartesian
dualism.[1][2] It is closely
related to the extended
mind thesis, situated
cognition, and enactivism. The modern
version depends on insights drawn from recent research in psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, dynamical
systems, artificial
intelligence, robotics, animal cognition, plant cognition and neurobiology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Gibson#Major_works [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.amazon.com/Ecological-Approach-Perception-Psychology-Routledge/dp/1848725787 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
James J. Gibson (Author): The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
(Psychology Press & Routledge Classic Editions) 1st Edition
This
book, first published in 1979, is about how we see: the environment around us
(its surfaces, their layout, and their colors and textures); where we are in
the environment; whether or not we are moving and, if we are, where we are
going; what things are good for; how to do things (to thread a needle or drive
an automobile); or why things look as they do.
The
basic assumption is that vision depends on the eye which is connected to the
brain. The author suggests that natural vision depends on the eyes in the head
on a body supported by the ground, the brain being only the central organ of a
complete visual system. When no constraints are put on the visual system,
people look around, walk up to something interesting and move around it so as
to see it from all sides, and go from one vista to another. That is natural
vision -- and what this book is about.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Peterson [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The fact that Jordan Peterson is often accused of being
"politically incorrect" should not detract from the value of his
psychological ideas. He is one of the very few academics who combine
present-day neuro-science research with mythology. Jordan Peterson is
undoubtetly a very charismatic speaker, and his strong gestural articulation
that underlines his talks is something of a rarity in the academic profession.
One could imagine him quite well as an actor in a Shakespeare drama. This almost
theatrical performance is accentuated by the fact that he has many
professionally produced videos on youtube, which is a medium that offers so
much more freedom of expression than a scientific paper, or even an academic
lecture, where the lecturer is quite literally glued to the pulpit. His style
of presentation could quite well illustrate the Peripatetic Style of
Aristoteles. His many videos reiterate the central themes of his theories
that are all derived from his book "Maps of Meaning". As example we
choose this one, which also has many charts and illustrations from the book:
"Dragons, Divine Parents, Heroes and Adversaries: A complete
cosmology of being."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqONu6wDYaE [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
7:00 People and animals aren't much interested in objective reality.
As humans, we are interested in pragmatic reality.
7:21 Pragmatic reality is that which you act on and not which you
perceive.
7:30 How to act is of much more (Darwinian) importance than
"what is the world constituted of"? [AG: A dictionary is of no
survival value.]
The world that interests us is the world of tools and values a priori.
22:11 Peterson quotes Gibson: Ecological Approaches to Visual Perception.
See: ->gibson1
22:12 Gibson introduces the notion of affordances vs. obstacles.
[AG: To what you want to achieve, your aims].
23:00 The nervous system parses up the world, into things that are
useful to us.
[AG: And also ones that are possibly dangerous].
23:15 We are so tool-using that we are always scanning the world for
tools.
23:57 As far as your brain is concerned, it is not about objects but
affordances.
24:14 If you are a Darwinian, ... what has selected you is reality.
24:30 Reality is a set of tools and affordances and obstacles.
25:10 You are using the reptile circuitry of the brain to catch
base-balls.
[AG: Or for that matter, any thrown objects that one tries to catch].
26:29 What people really don't like are unknown unknowns.
1:07:59 The eye of Horus. Representations of the Christ are derived from
the Egyptian Horus.
1:08:27 As mythology progresses along the centuries, it transforms
itself.
It tries to encapsulate again and again the structure of reality itself.
1:09:00 Horus is the eye. The eye is not the intellect. The eye is the
thing that pays attention.
[AG: By this, Peterson means the specific neuronal circuits of vision
acuity].
Peterson makes note that there is a grave problem of artificial
intelligence, that it is still quite difficult (or impossible in many
circumstances) for machines to discern objects. What is a trivial task
for humans (and animals too) to separate out their living environment into
things of vital interest and other things that are just background, is a deep
functionality of the neuronal system that still largely eludes artificial
intelligence. This is a hard lesson and invalidates so many claims that
entirely autonomous vehicles will be available in the near future. See also
this article:
http://news.mit.edu/2019/object-recognition-dataset-stumped-worlds-best-computer-vision-models-1210
Peterson's first name "Jordan" reminds us of another famous
iconoclast whose name was "Jordanus Brunus", aka Giordano Bruno.
There is a deeper connection between these men: Giordano Bruno knew all the
mythologies of ancient Mediterranea, like the Greek, the Egypt, and the
Mesopotamian, inside out. Unfortunately, his vast knowledge didn't help Bruno
to manage his own life. There is a rather long article by the present author
(AG) on Giordano Bruno's life and work. The contribution of the work of Aby
Warburg and his institute gives us some more in-depth background
information on the subject:
http://www.noologie.de/gbruno.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/gbruno.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
About the Aby Warburg Library:
http://www.noologie.de/aby.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/aby.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Literature source:
Peterson, Jordan: Maps Of Meaning: The Architecture of
Belief, Routledge, New York (1999)
In his monumental work "Maps of Meaning" (541 pages in very
dense font), Peterson formulates all the important points of his psychological
theory. There he explains the mythological foundations of the human
psyche which he derives mostly from C.G. Jung, Mircea Eliade,
and some more inspirations from Nietzsche and Piaget. His
structural understanding of mythology is immense, as the present writer (AG)
can attest to. To appreciate this, one must by needs know the mythology of
humanity pretty well oneself. See the works which are referenced here:
The work of Hertha v. Dechend ->dechend1 ->dechend2
The work of Joseph Campbell ->campbell_work ->campbell_comparison
The work of Claude Levi-Strauss "Myth and Meaning". See: ->myth_meaning
http://historiaocharkeologi.com/kanada/myth_and_meaning.pdf
https://people.ucsc.edu/~ktellez/levi-strauss.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1gxxr10
More material on "Maps of Meaning" is here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL22J3VaeABQD_IZs7y60I3lUrrFTzkpat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
This is the youtube search query for "Maps of Meaning":
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=maps+of+meaning+marionettes+and+individuals+
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL22J3VaeABQAT-0aSPq-OKOpQlHyR4k5h
These are some Google.books entries:
https://books.google.de/books?id=fLpQLDe77aAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
This quote is from the www-site of Peterson: "Maps of
Meaning": The World of Value:
I
understood, finally, that the world that stories describe is not the objective
world, but the world of value – and that it is in this world that we live,
first and foremost.
https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/maps-of-meaning/ [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
I
came to realize that ideologies had a narrative structure – that they were
stories, in a word – and that the emotional stability of individuals depended
upon the integrity of their stories. I came to realize that stories had a
religious substructure (or, to put it another way, that well-constructed
stories had a nature so compelling that they gathered religious behaviors and
attitudes around them, as a matter of course).
I
understood, finally, that the world that stories describe is not the objective
world, but the world of value – and that it is in this world that we live,
first and foremost.
This
all may appear as something far removed from the original problem, but that is
true only in appearance. ... I have come to understand what it is that our
stories protect us from, and why we will do anything to maintain their
stability. I now realize how it can be that our religious mythologies are true,
and why that truth places a virtually intolerable burden of responsibility on
the individual. I know now why rejection of such responsibility ensures that
the unknown will manifest a demonic face, and why those who shrink from their
potential seek revenge wherever they can find it. I learned what I wanted to
know – at least enough so that my nightmares disappeared.
https://www.jordanbpeterson.com/books/maps-of-meaning-intro/
Maps of Meaning is about the fundamental levels
of the human psyche. It’s about the Christianity upon which the West is, and
must be, founded. It’s a call to a new way of being and, simultaneously, a
reunion with the past. It is the responsibility of every man to rescue his dead
father from the underworld. That’s the oldest story of mankind. Without that,
there is only chaos. Maps of Meaning unites neuropsychology with ancient
mythology, from the Mesopotamian, through the Egyptian and Judaic, to the
Christian, with detours into Taoism and other profound faiths. It’s strongly
influenced by the thinking of Carl Jung and his student, Erich Neumann, as well
as Freud, Rogers and the other great 20th century clinical thinkers. ...
Writing Maps of Meaning compromised my health and,
sometimes, my sanity. It deals with the horrors of Auschwitz and the Stalinist
nightmare, and the evil that lurks forever in the human soul. It’s a very
difficult, frightening book. But I have produced hundreds of hours of public
lectures about Maps of Meaning, one series (1996) dating from my time at
Harvard (http://bit.ly/2f8qBaS),
another 13-part program televised on Canadian Public TV (TVO) (http://bit.ly/2fjgelc),
and three others from the course I taught on the book in 2015 (http://bit.ly/2fje3hj),
2016 (http://bit.ly/2e8ukIy),
These can all serve as a guide to understanding, for those who are interested.
This introduction is a sort of psychological
testament of Peterson. It is important for a psychological
understanding why Peterson had embarked on such a monumental work, and it
is actually Peterson's own Journey of the Heros. It is confronting the existential problem, of "Time Out of Joint". We can compare this directly with
the furori eroici of Giordano Bruno, for which he had to pay dearly with
his own life.
https://meiner-elibrary.de/media/upload/leseprobe/9783787335107.pdf
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-time-out-joint-mean-hamlet-627
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_of_Joint
The following article gives a condensation of the
message of "Maps of Meaning":
http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?10.077
1. We think we live in the "objective"
world, but we do not. The objective world is something that has been conjured
up for us recently - absurdly recently, from the perspective of evolutionary
biology - by the processes of science operating over a span of five centuries
(or, perhaps, to give the Greeks their due, over the last thirty centuries).
This does not mean that the objective world is not real, even though theories
about its nature are in constant flux. What it does mean is that the
environment of human beings might well be regarded as "spiritual," as
well as "material."
2. It is of course virtually impossible - even
forbidden, at least implicitly - to use terms such as "spiritual" in
a serious scientific discussion. How could it be that reality is
"spiritual," rather than material, given the overwhelming practical
success of the experimental sciences?
3. There are perhaps two answers to this question. The
first concerns our capacity to categorize. It has become increasingly clear, at
least since the time of Wittgenstein (1968), and perhaps also as a consequence
of Piaget's work, that the categories we use to orient ourselves are at least
as much action or significance-predicated as they are descriptive, which is to
say contra Augustine that words are not labels for things as much as they are
tools for the obtaining of goals. Since it is not precisely clear where the
"object" ends and the "category" begins, perhaps it is the
case that even those things we naturally perceive as "things" might
be better regarded as tools for the obtaining of goals rather than as absolute
entities in and of themselves. The second answer is somewhat more abstract, but
is related conceptually to the first. It is clearly the case that our concept
of situation or thing is context-dependent. What we parse out of the
exceedingly complex "environment" that presents itself to us is always
only a limited subset of that environment, and perhaps precisely that subset
which serves our present purposes (as we attend to some few things, and ignore
a multitude of others). We might say, then, that different purposes require
different "objects", and that the highest and most general (and also
therefore necessarily the most abstract and "long-term" and least
immediately evident) purposes require us to parse out the highest and most
general categories, tools, or conceptions. If what we extract from the
environment are things more like tools than objects, it might be possible to
take a radically fresh look at conceptual systems other than those of science,
on the chance that what they are talking about are things which are more like
tools than objects. As a consequence of adopting such a perspective, it may be
possible to posit that we are no better at understanding our own past than we
are at truly coming to grips with the conceptual systems of other cultures, and
to remember or at least hypothesize that we really do not understand what our
forebears meant when they used categories such as "spiritual" (any
more than we understand what they meant when they said "virgin
birth," for example, or "holy Trinity," or "resurrection of
the Savior", or even "Tao"). If that is the case (which is the
only alternative to presuming that everyone unfortunate enough to live prior to
the dawn of the scientific age was pathetically ignorant, despite their
incontrovertible success at surviving), then things may still be seriously
other than we presently presume.
Here are some more quotes from the Book:
p. 1:
The world can be validly construed as forum for
action, or as place of things. The former manner of interpretation – more
primordial, and less clearly understood – finds its expression in the arts or
humanities, in ritual, drama, literature, and mythology. The world as forum for
action is a place of value, a place where all things have meaning. This
meaning, which is shaped as a consequence of social interaction, is implication
for action, or – at a higher level of analysis – implication for the
configuration of the interpretive schema that produces or guides action. The
latter manner of interpretation – the world as place of things – finds its
formal expression in the methods and theories of science. Science allows for
increasingly precise determination of the consensually- validatable properties
of things, and for efficient utilization of precisely-determined things as
tools (once the direction such use is to take has been determined, through
application of more fundamental narrative processes). No complete world-picture
can be generated, without use of both modes of construal. The fact that one
mode is generally set at odds with the other means only that the nature of
their respective domains remains insufficiently discriminated. Adherents of the
mythological world-view tend to regard the statements of their creeds as
indistinguishable from empirical “fact,” even though such statements were
generally formulated long before the notion of objective reality emerged. Those
who, by contrast, accept the scientific perspective – who assume that it is, or
might become, complete – forget that an impassable gulf currently divides what
is from what should be.
p. 21:
Whatever the specific historical precedents, it is
most definitely the case that the Russians have regarded motor output and its
abstract equivalents as the critically relevant aspect of human existence. This
intellectual position distinguished them, historically, from their western
counterparts, who tend(ed) to view the brain as an information-processing
machine, akin to the computer.
Psychologists in the west have concentrated their energies on determining how
the brain determines what is out there,
so to speak – out there, from the objective viewpoint. The Russians, by contrast, have devoted themselves to the
role of the brain in governing behavior, and in generating the affects or emotions associated with that
behavior. Modern animal experimentalists – most notably Jeffrey Gray (25)
– have adopted the Russian line, with striking success.
p. 89:
2.3. Mythological Representation: The Constituent
Elements of Experience
Myth represents the world as “forum for action.” The
world as “forum for action” is comprised of three eternally extant constituent elements of experience, and a
“fourth” that “precedes” them. The unknown,
the knower, and the known make up the world as place of drama; the
indeterminate “precosmogonic chaos”
proceeding their emergence serves as the ultimate source of all things
(including the three constituent
elements of experience).
The precosmogonic chaos tends to take metaphorical
form as the uroboros, the self-consuming serpent, who represents the union of matter and spirit, and the possibility
of transformation. The uroboros serves as
“primal source” of the mythological world parents (the Great Mother,
nature, deity of the unknown, creative and destructive; the Great Father,
culture, deity of the familiar, tyrannical and protective) and of their “Divine Son” (the Knower, the
generative Word, the process of exploration).
Peterson's mythological-structure cum neuro-science
approach can be positively compared to other (older) interpretations of the mythologies
of humankind. His main achievement is the refutation of the western
European objectivist natural science dogma. For example, the discoveries of
quantum theory demonstrate that objects become fuzzy at the quantum level.
There are a few weaknesses in his work. One can sum this up nicely with the
proverb: "The map is not the territory". His understanding of
mythology is dualistic and it has a somewhat Gnostic touch. He
states this explicitly on p. 456: "The central ideas of Christianity are
rooted in Gnostic philosophy". His work covers some specific parts of the
Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Biblical mythology, and his central theme of the Hero's
Journey seems to be oriented mainly towards re-invigorating a Christian
mythology. See his many quotations of Northrop Frye.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye
The mythological approach tends to under-estimate the rate of failure
of aspiring heroes. Nietzsche's own quest of the "Übermensch" may
be a good example of such a failure. Gumilev's description of
"Passionarnost" could provide some additional valuable material.
Cultural Hero'es are a kind of experimental material for cultures. For
those few who succeed, there are many who die in the pursuit of eternal
glory against fancied dragons in the search of really virgin
damsels.
->gumilev1
In comparison, Joseph Campbell (The Hero with a Thousand Faces) goes
into much more detail when describing the many mythologies of humankind.
Sometimes this becomes confusing how he jumps eclectically from one mythology
to another. But there are important aspects that differentiate the mythologies.
For example, the Buddha didn't really return to his society but founded a
monastic order that was quite separate from the general population. The liberation
or Moksha could be attained only by the monks. In the many societies of
the East, especially India and China, there was no great emphasis on the Hero's
journey. There, the societal optimum was the rule of tradition, and the
preservation of its cultural traits and values.
The Shamanic tradition is most similar to Peterson's interpretation (p.
216 f).
There is also a problem with Peterson's construction of the polar
opposites of "The Patriarchal World of Light" and "The Spirit of
God" vs. "The Matriarchal World of Darkness" (p. 306). This is a
version of the Zoroastrian Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman dualistic
mythology of "Spirit vs. Matter/Materia", which already encompasses
all later mythologies, especially the Abrahamitic ones. He even points this out
on p. 318: "The Zoroastrians developed a number of ideas which were later
incorporated into Christianity..." ->dualism_split
The term "spiritual" as opposed to "material" itself
is also quite problematic because of its dualistic patriarchic origin. It is
also deeply entrenched in the Christian (Gnostic) theology which makes a sharp
distinction between the pure (godly) spirit vs. the dark and base matter (or
materia), which is feminine in its nature. There are views that avoid this, so
one may come to a wider understanding of Bergson's elan vital, or an anti-entropic
life-force that is inherent in all phenomena of life. Human spirit(uality)
can be viewed as a life-force that is not opposed to an ideology of
dark-base-bad material nature. See also Gumilev's work for this ->gumilev1. The philosophy of Heraklitos
is also useful for a different understanding of the Logos, which was
proclaimed by Nietzsche, a fact that Peterson doesn't seem to take into
account. In this view it is also not important that Nietzsche was decidedly anti-christian.
https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9219&context=gradschool_disstheses
https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/50718/heraclitus-and-nietzsche
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Tragic_Age_of_the_Greeks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lan_vital
The polarization of male and female qualities is more or less a re-hash
of the old dualistic Zoroastrian / Manichaean / Gnostic view. See these quotes:
Great Father, culture, protective and tyrannical... (p. xxi).
Great Mother, nature, creative and destructive... (p. xxi).
There is no reason to assume that (law-and-) order is a male virtue.
This view is mainly caused by a world-wide dominance of patriarchic societies,
especially Abrahamitic, but also Indian and Chinese. Women function as well as
guardians of cultural structure and order, when we observe those few surviving
more matristic societies, like the Mosuo of China:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosuo
Also, women were decidedly a prime driver of culture, especially in the
role of domestication of plants and animals. Because women could take baby
animals and suckle them, which is the first and foremost condition of
imprinting, so that animals were adapted to living in human company. We can see
this still in Amazonia, and it is quite a small wonder that youtube hasn't yet
censored away some of the more explicit pictures.
https://youtu.be/Xeh-Jw7QiYU?list=TLPQMzAxMTIwMTn8YpqJ1VJpbg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds2znMCUpuQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz4D4cIYdR0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-T6eDkrxck
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZC-r4xrESr0
Of course, misogynic dualism is inherent in all Abrahamitic
Systems, where everything female is considered inferior or somewhat
deficient. This is also present in the philosophy of Platon (see Timaios, the
last paragraph). The present author has given some ironic comments on Platon's
work which may not fit well with the common adulation (Beweihräucherung) of his
philosophy.
http://www.noologie.de/plato07.htm#fn11
http://www.noologie.de/plato02.htm
http://www.noologie.de/plato04.htm
http://www.noologie.de/plato07.htm
http://www.noologie.de/plato08.htm
But almost all philosophy of humanity tends to be misogynistic.
We have the same situation in Brahmanic India and in China. The following is a
quote from Immanuel Kant who was particularly misogynistic:
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#fn33
This is a discussion by the present author on sexism in philosophy and
the sciences:
http://www.noologie.de/cunni03.htm
http://www.noologie.de/cunni04.htm
Another discussion is here: ->double_sex
In "Maps of Meaning", the symbol of the snake in all his
illustrations is actually the Ouroboros of alchemist lore. Now
the alchemist Ouroboros is not at all a negative devillish force, as the
wikipedia quote shows. ->ouroboros. This is actually spelled out by
Peterson on p. 141-143, but it is not followed through. One may note that in
the Indian Kundalini and especially Chinese mythology, the dragon
is a symbol of the vital forces of nature, the wind, water, waves, and
of course, fertility. To be sure, Peterson also mentions the Kundalini in his
book, on p. 300-301.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon
Chinese dragon, also known as East Asian dragon or Long,
are legendary creatures in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and East Asian culture at large. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms such as turtles and fish, but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, typhoons, and
floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who
are worthy of it in East Asian culture. During the days of Imperial China,
the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial strength and
power.[1]
In Chinese culture, excellent and
outstanding people are compared to a dragon, while incapable people with no
achievements are compared to other, disesteemed creatures, such as a worm. A
number of Chinese proverbs and idioms feature references to a dragon, such as "Hoping one's son
will become a dragon" (simplified Chinese: 望子成龙; traditional Chinese: 望子成龍; pinyin: wàng zǐ chéng lóng).
One specific aspect of this is the all-important "Ruler of Weather and Water" which is of vital importance
in the Chinese Hydraulic Civilization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon#Ruler_of_weather_and_water
Peterson writes at length about alchemy in the Jungian interpretation
in chapter 5 "The Hostile Brothers". His quotes of mythology are
mostly derived from the Biblical, the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Marduk,
Apsu and Tiamat, and from the Egyptian Re and Apophis (p. 139), Osiris,
Isis, Horus and Seth mythology (mostly quoting Mircea Eliade). There
is only little discussion of Indian mythology (p. 139-148). On p. 111, he
repeats the common mis-interpretaton of the Logos in Joh. 1.1 quote: "In
the beginning was the word", whereas the Greek meaning of Logos has
a much wider meaning than a spoken word. ->en_archae
On the other side, it should be noted that his structural interpretation
of mythology goes much deeper than that of Campbell, which is more anecdotal,
or as one may say, telling a good story. This is also pointed out in the
wikipedia article under "Criticism". Also, Campbell does not give any
advice for contemporary people what their "myths to live by" could
be. And this is exactly Peterson's endeavour.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%27s_journey#Criticism
Here is more material on the Ouroboros:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros
The ouroboros or uroborus (/ˌ(j)ʊərəˈbɒrəs/, also UK: /uːˈrɒbərɒs/,[2][3] US: /-oʊs/)
is an ancient symbol depicting
a serpent or dragon[4] eating its own tail.
Originating in ancient Egyptian iconography,
the ouroboros entered western tradition via Greek magical tradition and
was adopted as a symbol in Gnosticism and Hermeticism and
most notably in alchemy.
The term derives from Ancient Greek: οὐροβόρος,[5] from οὐρά (oura),
"tail"[6] + βορά (bora),
"food",[7] from βιβρώσκω (bibrōskō),
"I eat".[8] The ouroboros is
often interpreted as a symbol for eternal cyclic renewal or
a cycle of life, death and rebirth.
The skin-sloughing process
of snakes symbolizes the transmigration of souls,
the snake biting its own tail is a fertility symbol. The tail of the snake is a
phallic symbol, the mouth is a yonic or womb-like symbol. [9]
Alchemy and Gnosticism
The
famous ouroboros drawing from the early alchemical text, The
Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra(Κλεοπάτρης χρυσοποιία), probably
originally dating to third century Alexandria but first
known in a tenth century copy, encloses the words hen to pan (ἓν τὸ πᾶν), "the all
is one". Its black
and white halves may perhaps represent a Gnostic duality of existence,
analogous to the Taoist yin and yang symbol.[14] The chrysopoeia ouroboros
of Cleopatra
the Alchemist is one of the
oldest images of the ouroboros to be linked with the legendary opus of the
alchemists, the philosopher's
stone.
An
aim of alchemists and adepts, described as "individual self-perfection
through physical transmutation and spiritual transcendence",[15] was familiar
to the alchemist and physician Sir Thomas Browne. It focused on the
eternal unity of all things as well as the cycle of birth and death (from which
the alchemist sought release and liberation).[16] In his A Letter
to a Friend, a medical
treatise full of case-histories and witty speculations upon the human
condition, he wrote:
...
that the first day should make the last, that the Tail of the Snake should
return into its Mouth precisely at that time, and they should wind up upon the
day of their Nativity, is indeed a remarkable Coincidence ...
Connection to Indian thought
In the Aitareya Brahmana,
a Vedic text
of the early 1st millennium BCE, the nature of the Vedic
rituals is
compared to "a snake biting its own tail."[23]
Ouroboros symbolism has been used to describe
the Kundalini.
According to the medieval Yoga-kundalini
Upanishad,
"The divine power, Kundalini, shines like the stem of a young lotus; like
a snake, coiled round upon herself she holds her tail in her mouth and lies
resting half asleep as the base of the body" (1.82).
Storl (2004) also refers to the ouroboros image in
reference to the "cycle of samsara".[24]
Peterson has derived some material from Joseph Campbell. He mentions him
in "Maps of Meaning" in a few footnotes, as on p. 183 in footnote
329. The theme of the Hero's Journey from the known to the unknown and
his (not always, but sometimes) success is also one of the core themes of Peterson. But one can estimate that
most of the endeavours of Culture Heros had only a small chance of surviving
their epic struggles. The mythologies just don't tell us about failed
heroes.
There are some differences between the interpretations of mythology of
Campbell and that of Peterson. Both lean heavily on the work of C.G. Jung.
Obviously there is the difference of life-time and temperament and about 60
years between them. Campbell worked mainly in the science-happy optimistic era
of the 1940-1950's. Peterson's outlook is more pessimistic and heavily
influenced by his emotional impressions of the horrors of Nazism, Stalinism,
Maoism, and the cold war. Campbell views the stories of the Bible as somewhat
inferior or even childish in comparison to the Far Eastern ones, and he is
quite critical of the Abrahamitic mindset. Typical is this expression: "as
proper rather to a nursery school than to adulthood" (p. 73, Bantam
edition). In Campbell's view, the role of the snake or dragon in the East vs.
the Bible is reversed. In Biblical lore, the serpent represents evil whereas in
Campbell's view of the East it represents "symbolic
of the immortal inhabiting energy of all life". Bantam edition, p.
25-26:
Let
us turn ... to the Indian, of the Buddha, which has enspelled the entire East;
for there too is the mythic image of a tree of immortal life defended by two terrifying
guards. That tree is the one beneath which Siddhartha was sitting, facing east,
when he wakened to the light of his own immortality in truth and was known
thereafter as the Buddha, the Wakened One. There is a serpent in that legend
also, but instead of being known as evil, it is thought of as symbolic of the
immortal inhabiting energy of all life on earth. For the serpent shedding its
skin, to be, as it were, born again, is likened in the Orient to the
reincarnating spirit that assumes and throws off bodies as a man puts on and
puts off clothes. There is in Indian mythology a great cobra imagined as
balancing the tablelike earth on its head: its head being, of course, at the
pivotal point, exactly beneath the world tree. And according to the Buddha legend,
when the Blessed One, having attained omniscience, continued to sit absorbed
for a number of days in absolute meditation, he became endangered by a great
storm that arose in the world around him, and this prodigious serpent, coming
up from below, wrapped itself protectively around the Buddha, covering his head
with its cobra hood.
Thus, whereas in one of these two
legends of the tree the service of the serpent is rejected and the animal
itself cursed, in the other it is accepted. In both, the serpent is in some way
associated with the tree and has apparently enjoyed its fruits, since it can
slough its skin and live again; but in the Bible legend our first parents are
expelled from the garden of that tree, whereas in the Buddhist tradition we are
all invited in. ...
p. 73, Bantam edition:
"Thou shalt!" against
"I want!" and then, "Extinction!" In our modern Occidental
view, the situation represented by the first two in tension would be thought of
as proper rather to a nursery school than to adulthood, whereas in the Orient
that is the situation enforced throughout even adult life. There is no
provision or allowance whatsoever for what in the West would be thought of as
ego-maturation. And as a result -- to put it plainly and simply -- the Orient
has never distinguished ego from id. ...
p. 77, Bantam edition:
Whereas
in the older view, as we have seen, the god is simply a sort of cosmic
bureaucrat, and the great natural laws of the universe govern all that he is
and does and must do, we have now a god who himself determines what laws are to
operate; who says, "Let such-and-such come to pass!" and it comes to
pass. There is, accordingly, a stress here rather on personality and on whim
than on irrefragable law. The god can change his mind, as he frequently does;
and this tends to bring the Levantine spirit into apparently close approach to
the native individualism of Europe. However, there is even here a distinction
to be made.
For in the Levant the accent is on
obedience, the obedience of man to the will of God, whimsical though it might
be; the leading idea being that the god has rendered a revelation, which is
registered in a book that men are to read and to revere, never to presume to
criticize, but to accept and to obey. Those who do not know, or who would
reject, this holy book are in exile from their maker. Many nations great and
small, even continents, are in actuality thus godless.
This aversion against the Abrahamitic mindset may be a reason why
Peterson doesn't want to mention Campbell's work too often. Consequently,
Peterson displays a distinct mythological characterization of the snake as
symbol of the forces of chaos, darkness, and of the "dark terrible
mother". There is a confusion which almost all students of mythology make:
The original meaning of ancient Greek chaos is not disorder (like tohu
wa bohu), but total emptiness.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/chaos-meaning-and-history
The
English word chaos is borrowed from
the Greek word that means "abyss." In ancient Greece, Chaos was
originally thought of as the abyss or emptiness that existed before things came
into being, and then the word chaos was used to refer to a specific abyss: the
abyss of Tartarus, the underworld.
Later, in the 1600s, there was renewed interest in the Classical authors, and
that's when chaosgained its more
familiar sense. Ovid, the great Roman thinker, thought of chaos as not a
formless void from which all things were made, but as a formless, jumbled,
disorganized mass. English speakers borrowed this meaning of chaos, then broadened it
into the word we recognize today: one that denotes utter confusion or disorganization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)
In Hesiod's Theogony, Chaos was the
first thing to exist: "at first Chaos came to be" (or was)[10] but next
(possibly out of Chaos) came Gaia, Tartarus and Eros (elsewhere
the son of Aphrodite). [11] Unambiguously
"born" from Chaos were Erebus and Nyx.[12] For Hesiod,
Chaos, like Tartarus, though personified enough to have borne children, was
also a place, far away, underground and "gloomy", beyond which lived
the Titans.[13] And, like the
earth, the ocean, and the upper air, it was also capable of being affected by
Zeus' thunderbolts.[14]
Passages
in Hesiod's Theogony suggest that
Chaos was located below Earth but above Tartarus.[15] Primal Chaos
was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality, particularly by
philosophers such as Heraclitus.
And the emptiness is potentiality, as opposed against actuality.
A better philosophical terminology would be Kenoma vs. Pleroma. Peterson
actually mentions this in his description of the Ouroboros (p. 141-143). (See
also the concept of apeiron of Anaximandros and the concept of archae):
http://www.noologie.de/plato03.htm#Heading13
http://www.noologie.de/neuro12.htm#Index128
The total emptiness of chaos is mirrored in the Buddhist concept of shunyata:
http://www.noologie.de/shunya01.htm
Campbell, Joseph: The Hero with a Thousand Faces. 1st edition, Bollingen Foundation,
1949. 2nd edition, Princeton University Press. 3rd edition, New World Library,
2008.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hero_with_a_Thousand_Faces
The following www site gives an overview of many works that connect to
Campbell's theme:
The following article reviews the
structure of Campbell's monomyth. It should be noted that this theoretical approach
to interpret so many mythologies of humankind is not shared by present-day
anthropological academic consensus. There is too much romanticism of
Rousseau type in this interpretation of the eternal struggles of hero-kind
against so many obstacles of imagined dragons. The Pop Culture theme is the eternal struggle of Good versus Evil, Light versus
Darkness, but this is mainly for Hollywood or Bollywood movie
consumers.
http://publish.uwo.ca/~dmann/Hero%20and%20Star%20Wars.pdf
The Hero with a Thousand Faces and
its Application to Star Wars
by Douglas Mann, from my book:
Understanding Society, (Oxford UP, 2008)
The American theorist of myths
Joseph Campbell (1904-1987) argues in his book
The Hero with a Thousand Faces
(1949/1968)
that there is a common underlying,
unconscious structure behind all religion and myth. Myth is:… the secret
opening through which the inexhaustible energies of the cosmos pour into human
cultural manifestation. Religions, philosophies, arts, the social forms of
primitive and historical man, prime discoveries in science and technology, the
very dreams that blister sleep, boil up from the basic, magic ring of myth.
(1968: 3) Just as dreams play out in fantastic landscapes the unconscious
problems of the dreamer, myths play out on a much vaster field the collective
problems of humanity (19). Campbell convincingly argues that all the great
mythical sagas are basically one story, the monomyth.
This monomyth is the Hero’s
Journey, which has a rough-and-ready common structure of stages in myths taken
from a wide variety of cultures. It is the quest saga, the same story told in
Greek myths like Jason and the Golden Fleece and Odysseus’s journey, in the
legends of King Arthur and the Round Table, in the ancient Sumerian epic of
Gilgamesh, the Irish legends of Finn McCool, even in the story of the Buddha
(not to mention hundreds of tribal myths from all over the world). Campbell got
this idea of an unconscious myth from Carl Jung’s notion of cultural archetypes
and of the collective unconscious, which he felt provided the foundation of
mythological thinking in a great diversity of cultures. He mixed in a hefty
dose of both Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis in his work, seeing the hero’s
journey as a simultaneous journey of the ego to achieve oneness with the world,
to overcome its fears of both id and superego, of the seductive Mother and the
ogre-like Father. Campbell doesn’t talk much about being influenced by French
structuralist theory, though the monomyth is a clearly attempt to find an
underlying structure beneath the many surface manifestations of the story of
the great quest found throughout the world.The journey has three major parts to
it - Departure, Initiation, and Return, each with a number of subsections. In
its shortest form, the hero ventures out from his common world into a
supernatural one, encounters and defeats strange and magical forces arrayed
against him, and returns to his ordinary world with a marvelous boon for his
comrades at home (30). The hero cycle also contains a number of familiar
repeated characters - the hero (obviously), a mentor, a villain (who Campbell
sometimes calls the “dragon”), a goddess (sometimes also a mother figure),
magic potions or forces, helpers, sometimes a rogue, and jesters or tricksters.
They also feature the struggle of Good versus Evil, Light versus Darkness.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%27s_journey
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heroesjourney.svg
http://staff.cs.utu.fi/staff/jouni.smed/is08/slides/is080909.pdf
Campbell, Joseph: "Myths To Live By", Bantam Books, New York, 1988,
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314099 [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Myth
The wikipedia article shows that Campbell's treatment of mythology
clearly has a psychological side:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myths_to_Live_By [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
The
deep power of myth on the inner,
spiritual lives of human beings throughout the ages (including our own age) is
the common theme running throughout all of the essays in the collection.
Campbell explains the differences between western and oriental myths and rites.
He shows how fundamental universal thoughts are adapted to local requirements
of legitimation. A typical form of adaptation of the hero is the
American image of the lone rider who dispels evil.[1]
The text of "Myths To Live By" is under:
https://epdf.pub/myths-to-live-bye5c7a1d2cbe6724fbec241c9351eacfa95294.html
[Accessed: 2019-10-28]
This is a short quote from the book, it has no page number since the
file is in rtf format. It is in the chapter "II - The Emergence of
Mankind".
What
I would suggest is that by comparing a number from different parts of the world
and differing traditions, one might arrive at an understanding of their force,
their source and possible sense. For they are not historical. That much is
clear. They speak, therefore, not of outside events but of themes of the
imagination. And since they exhibit features that are actually universal, they
must in some way represent features of our general racial imagination,
permanent features of the human spirit -- or, as we say today, of the psyche.
They are telling us, therefore, of matters fundamental to ourselves, enduring
essential principles about which it would be good for us to know; about which,
in fact, it will be necessary for us to know if our conscious minds are to be
kept in touch with our own most secret, motivating depths. In short, these holy
tales and their images are messages to the conscious mind from quarters of the
spirit unknown to normal daylight consciousness, and if read as referring to
events in the field of space and time -- whether of the future, present, or
past -- they will have been misread and their force deflected, some secondary
thing outside then taking to itself the reference of the symbol, some
sanctified stick, stone, or animal, person, event, city, or social group.
Jordan Peterson derives a lot of inspiration from Nietzsche's work.
Nietzsche was one of the few european philosophers who opposed the western
objectivistic epistemic approach. He had a special expression for this:
"Die unbefleckte Erkenntnis" in his polemic against the academic
philosophical style of work. His main contemporary philosophical opponents were
the school of German Idealism, a lineage that rooted in the Platonic way of
thinking. This school had its origins in the European Christian philosophy (ancilla
theologiae, the hand-maiden of theology) and on the German side there were
Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel as best-known proponents. Nietzsche's "spiritus
rector" had been Schopenhauer, who had directed his sharp criticism
against Hegel. So Nietzsche was also a leading proponent of the philosophy of
embodied knowledge. Unfortunately, for the detriment of German philosophy of
the aera, it was the school of German Idealism that held the upper hand, and
some of the worst adaptations of Nietzsche's philosophy were in the Nazi
ideology. Instrumental in this unfortunate bent of affairs, was the redaction
of his works after his death by his sister, Elisabeth Foerster-Nietzsche, who
was responsible for the formulation of "the will to power". The other
most completely mis-understood concept of Nietzsche's philosophy was the
"Übermensch". Unfortunately, there exists no good translation of this
concept into English. The word "Super-Human" (in the guise of Superman
in the American comic-book series) cannot convey the meaning of
"Überwindung", which denotes the true character of the
"Übermensch" who has transcended the lowly boundaries of "der letzte
Mensch" (the last human). With this concept, Nietzsche described his
contemporary humans who were responsible for the civilizational development of
the industrialization and of European colonialism. Especially he considered the
Germans and the Second German Empire of Wilhelm II as "die letzten
Menschen". Nietzsche's mythography is especially important with respect to
the snake, "das Schlangen-Geringel".
[Accessed: 2019-10-27]
Dieses Gleichnis gebe ich euch
empfindsamen Heuchlern, euch, den »Rein-Erkennenden«! Euch heiße ich –
Lüsterne!
Auch ihr liebt die Erde und das
Irdische: ich erriet euch wohl! – aber Scham ist in eurer Liebe und schlechtes
Gewissen – dem Monde gleicht ihr!
Zur Verachtung des Irdischen hat
man euren Geist überredet, aber nicht eure Eingeweide: die aber sind das
Stärkste an euch!
Und nun schämt sich euer Geist,
daß er euren Eingeweiden zu Willen ist, und geht vor seiner eignen Scham
Schleich- und Lügenwege.
»Das wäre mir das Höchste« – also
redet euer verlogner Geist zu sich – »auf das Leben ohne Begierde zu schaun und
nicht, gleich dem Hunde, mit hängender Zunge:
Glücklich zu sein im Schauen, mit
erstorbenem Willen, ohne Griff und Gier der Selbstsucht – kalt und aschgrau am
ganzen Leibe, aber mit trunkenen Mondesaugen!
Das wäre mir das Liebste«, – also
verführt sich selber der Verführte – »die Erde zu lieben, wie der Mond sie
liebt, und nur mit dem Auge allein ihre Schönheit zu betasten.
Und das heiße mir aller Dinge
unbefleckte Erkenntnis, daß ich von den Dingen nichts will: außer daß ich vor
ihnen daliegen darf wie ein Spiegel mit hundert Augen.« –
Oh, ihr empfindsamen Heuchler, ihr
Lüsternen! Euch fehlt die Unschuld in der Begierde: und nun verleumdet ihr drum
das Begehren!
Wahrlich, nicht als Schaffende,
Zeugende, Werdelustige liebt ihr die Erde!
Wo ist Unschuld? Wo der Wille zur
Zeugung ist. Und wer über sich hinaus schaffen will, der hat mir den reinsten
Willen. [378]
Wo ist Schönheit? Wo ich mit allem
Willen wollen muß; wo ich lieben und untergehn will, daß ein Bild nicht nur
Bild bleibe.
Lieben und Untergehn: das reimt
sich seit Ewigkeiten. Wille zur Liebe: das ist, willig auch sein zum Tode. Also
rede ich zu euch Feiglingen!
...
Wahrlich, ihr täuscht, ihr
»Beschaulichen«! Auch Zarathustra war einst der Narr eurer göttlichen Häute;
nicht erriet er das Schlangengeringel, mit dem sie gestopft waren.
Eines Gottes Seele wähnte ich
einst spielen zu sehn in euren Spielen, ihr Rein-Erkennenden! Keine bessere
Kunst wähnte ich einst als eure Künste!
Schlangen-Unflat und schlimmen
Geruch verhehlte mir die Ferne: und daß einer Eidechse List lüstern hier
herumschlich.
Aber ich kam euch nah: da kam mir
der Tag – und nun kommt er euch, – zu Ende ging des Mondes Liebschaft!
Seht doch hin! Ertappt und bleich
steht er da – vor der Morgenröte! [379] Denn schon kommt sie, die Glühende –
ihre Liebe zur Erde kommt! Unschuld und Schöpfer-Begier ist alle Sonnen-Liebe!
Seht doch hin, wie sie ungeduldig
über das Meer kommt! Fühlt ihr den Durst und den heißen Atem ihrer Liebe nicht?
Am Meere will sie saugen und seine
Tiefe zu sich in die Höhe trinken: da hebt sich die Begierde des Meeres mit
tausend Brüsten.
Geküßt und gesaugt will es sein
vom Durste der Sonne; Luft will es werden und Höhe und Fußpfad des Lichts und
selber Licht!
Wahrlich, der Sonne gleich liebe
ich das Leben und alle tiefen Meere.
Und dies heißt mir Erkenntnis:
alles Tiefe soll hinauf – zu meiner Höhe!
Some literature on Nietzsche and Heraklitos is here:
https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5x0nb3sz&brand=ucpress
Cox, Christoph. Nietzsche: Naturalism and
Interpretation. Berkeley:
University of California Press (1999).
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5x0nb3sz/
https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/50718/heraclitus-and-nietzsche
[T]he
kinship between Nietzsche and Heraclitus is widely acknowledged (Heidegger, in
his Nietzsche, is the exception here) and frequently confirmed by Nietzsche
himself. Among the most famous declaration of that brotherhood comes from Ecce
Homo, where he writes about Heraclitus "in whose proximity I feel
altogether warmer and better than anywhere else. The affirmation of passing
away and destroying, which is the decisive feature of a Dionysian philosophy; saying
Yes to opposition and war; becoming, along with a radical repudiation of the
very concept of being?all this is clearly more closely related to me than
anything else thought to date" (EH GT 3). Further, he writes that the
Zaratustrian doctrine of eternal recurrence could have also been taught by
Heraclitus. The kinship between Heraclitus and Nietzsche consists in the
problem they confront. Their kinship could be called thematic, but despite
Nietzsche's declaration, this is not the kinship of the way of thinking. If two
philosophers deal with the same problem, it is not obvious that they think
similarly. In such a case the similarity could be only superficial, covering a
deeper level of divergence. (Artur Przybyslawski, 'Nietzsche Contra
Heraclitus', Journal of Nietzsche Studies, No. 23 (Spring 2002), p.88.)
Przybyslawski's
claim is that at least part of the convergence between Nietzsche and Heraclitus
is due to Nietzsche's interpretation rather than to deep philosophical
agreement. Whatever the case, Nietzsche held views about Heraclitus and highly
favourable ones.
Here is a short
discussion of the Logos of Heraklitos by Spengler. This is of course entirely
different from the Platonic and Christian interpretation:
Λόγος
ist für Heraklit mit μέτρον identisch. Dieser
Begriff bezeichnet nicht eine Kraft, noch viel weniger eine Intelligenz,
sondern eine Beziehung. Diese in der spätem griechischen Philosophie verlorengegangene
Vorstellung ist unter dem Einfluß stoischer,[36] christlich-hellenistischer und
vor allem unsrer dualistischen Anschauungen meistens falsch verstanden worden.
Der moderne Dualismus stammt aus der christlichen Weltanschauung, aus welcher
und gegen die sich die neuere Philosophie entwickelt hat. Es ist natürlich, daß
der Glaube an eine Weltordnung irgendwelcher Art von Einfluß auf die Bildung
metaphysischer Ideen ist. Die christliche Antithese Welt-Gott, welche die
mittelalterliche Naturphilosophie beherrschte, wirkte in einer Reihe weiterer
Antithesen fort: Denken und Ausdehnung, Intelligenz und Substanz, Materie und
Energie. Trotz wachsender Abstraktion ist die Grundeinteilung dieselbe
geblieben.
The expression "Völkerpsychologie" is more often associated
with Wilhelm Wundt's works.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerpsychologie [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
The current academic consensus about "Völkerpsychologie" is
clarified in this passage of the wikipedia article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerpsychologie#Current_Day_V%C3%B6lkerpsychologie [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
Another
important thing that leads to the decline of Völkerpsychologie was the Nazi’s.
The general weaknesses of “folk psychology” helped its decline, but mainly it
was the idea that Völkerpsychologie was a part of the Nazi thinking. By the
1960s, the term itself had become a taboo work [AG: he probably means
"word"] in the social sciences.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
While Wundt was productive in both philosophy and psychological
research, Nietzsche worked only theoretically and in an essayistic manner. But
he could also be considered a co-founder of Theoretical Anthropology.
And this line of thought contrasted sharply with Rousseau's romantic ideas by
being more realistic about the "conditio humana". This was a line of
ideas that Nietzsche had taken up from Schopenhauer, who liked the English
empiricist philosophers, especially Hume and Darwin, much better than the
German idealists. See the quote from the wikipedia article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
British empiricism, though it was not
a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early
modern philosophy and modern science. The term became
useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its
founders Francis Bacon, described as an
"empiricist", and René Descartes, who is described
as a "rationalist". Bacon's philosophy of nature was heavily derived
from the works of the Italian philosopher Bernardino
Telesio and the Swiss
physician Paracelsus.[18] Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next
generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist
respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the
primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being
normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.
In
response to the early-to-mid-17th century "continental
rationalism" John Locke (1632–1704)
proposed in An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very
influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have
is a posteriori, i.e., based upon
experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the
human mind is a tabula rasa, a "blank
tablet", in Locke's words "white paper", on which the
experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are
written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both
cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are
unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Primary
qualities are essential for the object in question to be what it is. Without
specific primary qualities, an object would not be what it is.
The line of thought of British Empiricism re-appears today as
Evolutionary Epistemology and Ethology, or as Sociobiology. See the following
article on Evolutionary Epistemology:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/ [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
A very "modern" concept for anthropology is Nietzsche's
Perspectivism, and the work of Jordan Peterson reflects this perspectivism:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectivism#Nietzsche%E2%80%99s_perspectivism
[Accessed: 2019-10-29]
People
always adopt perspectives by default – whether they are aware of it or not –
and the concepts of one's existence are defined by the circumstances
surrounding that individual. Truth is made by and for individuals and peoples.[5] This view
differs from many types of relativism which
consider the truth of a particular proposition as something
that altogether cannot be evaluated with respect
to an "absolute truth", without taking into consideration culture and context.[6]
This
view is outlined in an aphorism from Nietzsche's posthumously-assembled
collection The Will
to Power:
In
so far as the word "knowledge" has any meaning, the world is
knowable; but it is interpretable [emphasis in original]
otherwise, it has no meaning behind it, but countless
meanings.—"Perspectivism." It is our needs that interpret the
world; our drives and their For and Against. [emphasis added] Every
drive is a kind of lust to rule; each one has its perspective that it would
like to compel all the other drives to accept as a norm.
— Friedrich
Nietzsche; trans. Walter
Kaufmann, The
Will to Power, §481 (1883–1888)[7]
Nietzsche's idea of "Volk" was discussed in depth in the work
of the present author:
"Die Kultur-Mythen-Analyse und Die Ethno-Kybernetik".
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#ethnos_ethnie
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#ethos_ethik
Besides Nietzsche, this discussion centers on the concept of the Ethnos
of Lev Gumilev.
->gumilev1
There is an earlier printed version of this work under "Der
Diamantweg der Noologie".
https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV040951960 [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
There the quote is found on p. 63.
The following passage is quoting Nietzsche.
Nietzsche: Jenseits von Gut und Böse, Neuntes
Hauptstück: was ist vornehm? S. 268
https://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/jenseits-von-gut-und-bose-8646/11 [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#nietzsche_volk [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
AG: Nietzsche hat in dem Kapitel:
"Etwas, das sich versteht, ein Volk" den Begriff von Empfindungs-Gruppen geprägt,
von dem aus er die sprachliche Grundlage für "ein Volk" definiert.
... Dies wird eine Stufe der Abstraktion weitergetragen, zum Konzept der Verhaltens-
und Wertegemeinschaften der Ethnien.
Was ist zuletzt die Gemeinheit? - Worte sind Tonzeichen für Begriffe; Begriffe
aber sind mehr oder weniger bestimmte Bildzeichen für oft wiederkehrende und
zusammen kommende Empfindungen, für Empfindungs-Gruppen. Es genügt noch nicht,
um sich einander zu verstehen, dass man die selben Worte gebraucht: man muss
die selben Worte auch für die selbe Gattung innerer Erlebnisse gebrauchen, man
muss zuletzt seine Erfahrung mit einander gemein haben. Deshalb verstehen sich
die Menschen Eines Volkes besser unter einander, als Zugehörige verschiedener
Völker, selbst wenn sie sich der gleichen Sprache bedienen; oder vielmehr, wenn
Menschen lange unter ähnlichen Bedingungen (des Klima's, des Bodens, der
Gefahr, der Bedürfnisse, der Arbeit) zusammen gelebt haben, so entsteht daraus
Etwas, das "sich versteht" , ein Volk. In allen Seelen hat eine
gleiche Anzahl oft wiederkehrender Erlebnisse die Oberhand gewonnen über
seltner kommende: auf sie hin versteht man sich, schnell und immer schneller -
die Geschichte der Sprache ist die Geschichte eines Abkürzungs-Prozesses -; auf
dies schnelle Verstehen hin verbindet man sich, enger und immer enger. Je
grösser die Gefährlichkeit, um so grösser ist das Bedürfniss, schnell und
leicht über Das, was noth thut, übereinzukommen; sich in der Gefahr nicht
misszuverstehn, das ist es, was die Menschen zum Verkehre schlechterdings nicht
entbehren können. Noch bei jeder Freundschaft oder Liebschaft macht man diese
Probe: Nichts derart hat Dauer, sobald man dahinter kommt, dass Einer von
Beiden bei gleichen Worten anders fühlt, meint, wittert, wünscht, fürchtet, als
der Andere. (Die Furcht vor dem "ewigen Missverständniss" : das
ist jener wohlwollende Genius, der Personen verschiedenen Geschlechts so oft von
übereilten Verbindungen abhält, zu denen Sinne und Herz rathen - und nicht
irgend ein Schopenhauerischer "Genius der Gattung" -!) Welche
Gruppen von Empfindungen innerhalb einer Seele am schnellsten wach werden, das
Wort ergreifen, den Befehl geben, das entscheidet über die gesammte Rangordnung
ihrer Werthe, das bestimmt zuletzt ihre Gütertafel. Die Werthschätzungen eines
Menschen verrathen etwas vom Aufbau seiner Seele, und worin sie ihre
Lebensbedingungen, ihre eigentliche Noth sieht. Gesetzt nun, dass die Noth von
jeher nur solche Menschen einander angenähert hat, welche mit ähnlichen Zeichen
ähnliche Bedürfnisse, ähnliche Erlebnisse andeuten konnten, so ergiebt sich im
Ganzen, dass die leichte Mittheilbarkeit der Noth, dass heisst im letzten
Grunde das Erleben von nur durchschnittlichen und gemeinen Erlebnissen, unter
allen Gewalten, welche über den Menschen bisher verfügt haben, die gewaltigste
gewesen sein muss. Die ähnlicheren, die gewöhnlicheren Menschen waren und sind
immer im Vortheile, die Ausgesuchteren, Feineren, Seltsameren, schwerer
Verständlichen bleiben leicht allein, unterliegen, bei ihrer Vereinzelung, den
Unfällen und pflanzen sich selten fort. Man muss ungeheure Gegenkräfte anrufen,
um diesen natürlichen, allzunatürlichen progressus in simile, die Fortbildung
des Menschen in's Ähnliche, Gewöhnliche, Durchschnittliche, Heerdenhafte - in's
Gemeine! - zu kreuzen.
There is some quite in-depth information about Nietzsche in this
article:
Martin Lang: DER EINZELNE ALS EXPERIMENT –– Kulturnetzspinne Nietzsche
https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-201902201177/1/NietzscheKK_Lang.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
This article in .pdf format has a hypertext property: The table of
contents gives direct jumps to the actual sections of the text. A particular
characteristic note about Nietzsche's opinion about the German Reich II is the
passage on P. 12:
Einer seiner Wahnsinnszettel vom
Januar 1889 lautet: condamno te ad vitam Diaboli vitae. Indem ich Dich
vernichte Hohenzollern, vernichte ich die Lüge (13.647). Es sind nicht viele
solche Bemerkungen übrig, weil – so eine weitere Ironie des Schicksals im
(Nach)–Leben des Philologen Nietzsche – seine Schwester (als Vormund und Erbin)
Kaiser Wilhelm II auf den noch vakanten Platz des Übermenschen aufmerksam
machen wollte, ob Seine Majestät nicht allergnädigst geruhen möchte ihn einzunehmen,
und man begreift leicht, dass Seine Majestät von Sprüchen der Art, wie ich eben
einen zitierte, nicht allzu begeistert gewesen wäre. Schwester Nietzsche
schnippelte, brannte, klebte und retuschierte ihren höchsteigenen Übermenschen
ad usum majestatis zusammen. Dass Nietzsche nicht Pfarrer geworden ist, sondern
"irgendwie" das Gegenteil, hat sich mittlerweile wohl
herumgesprochen.
P. 19-20:
2. Geschichte und Metaphysik
(insbesondere Heidegger). Hier wird das Problem des
"einzelnen–Allgemeinen" durch einen "Wirbel ursprünglichen
Fragens" exponiert (und damit vielleicht auch "gelöst", wie man
als Ablehner dieser Richtung befürchten muss). Die Not der Nah–Perspektive, der
epochal empfundene Zusammenbruch 1918 und die radikale Abwertung der Rolle der
Intellektuellen (denen die Versprechungen ihrer Spezies seit den Hochzeiten
deutschen Idealismus [sic] um 1810 endgültig zusammenbrachen) ...
P. 20:
Dazu war ein Vorherseher vor 1918
erforderlich, der den Urteilsspruch schon vollzogen hatte (wie Sartre dies in
Flaubert richtig für 1848 beschreibt): Nietzsche (auch sozialhistorisch im
Diskursrauschen von 1900 bis 1914 tatsächlich die bekannteste Figur, samt
Legitimation durch persönliche Katastrophe) beschäftigte sich als entlaufener
Altphilologe eingehend mit dem griechischen Altertum und den griechischen
Philosophen, und Heidegger vermag daraus zu zaubern, dass die Metaphysik
vollendet sei, weil der letzte (Nietzsche) die Gegenpositionen zum Anfang
(gesammelt in Plato) vertrete, und zugleich noch "drin" (in der
Metaphysik) stehe.
We refer to Nietzsche's tight-rope walker in Zarathustra: There has
never been a written-down science of high-tight-rope walking, and there never
will be. If one would go out on a first try of high-tight-rope walking with a
written manual in hand, this is a sure method to never come back alive from
that first walk. Here are some videos on the practice
of tight rope walking. It is easily understood that this can never become a
science:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2phpEve15A
Wizards of the Wire: Living on a Tightrope (RT Documentary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0IzDgNN0iI
Daghestan's Tightrope Walkers See Tradition Disappearing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYWQEVWLzd8
The Last Tightrope Dancer in Armenia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMNW63_VBkg
Tight Rope Walkers in Armenia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CFUchWcqpg
Tight-Wire walker on the roadside in Armenia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iynsc9YekeM
The Last Tightrope Dancer in Armenia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKD1DqMZENY
armenian ropewalker-pahlevan (փահլևան)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGPG5NvlOq4
Meet the Last Tightrope Dancer | Yerevan, Armenia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcbuRZh_MZc
Walking The Wire (1930)
http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Nietzsche,+Friedrich/Also+sprach+Zarathustra/Zarathustras+Vorrede
Nietzsche had presented some essential ideas about the
"Übermensch":
Der Mensch ist ein Seil, geknüpft zwischen Tier und Übermensch – ein Seil über einem Abgrunde.
Ein gefährliches Hinüber, ein gefährliches Auf-dem-Wege, ein gefährliches Zurückblicken, ein gefährliches Schaudern und Stehenbleiben.
3. Als Zarathustra in die nächste Stadt kam, die an den Wäldern
liegt, fand er daselbst viel Volk versammelt auf dem Markte: denn es war
verheißen worden, daß man einen Seiltänzer sehen solle. Und Zarathustra sprach
also zum Volke:
Ich lehre euch den Übermenschen. Der Mensch ist etwas, das überwunden werden soll. Was habt ihr getan, ihn zu überwinden? ...
Wer aber der Weiseste von euch ist, der ist auch nur ein Zwiespalt[279] und Zwitter von Pflanze und von Gespenst. Aber heiße ich euch zu Gespenstern oder Pflanzen werden?
Seht, ich lehre euch den Übermenschen!
Der Übermensch ist der Sinn der Erde. Euer Wille sage: der Übermensch sei der Sinn der Erde!
Ich beschwöre euch, meine Brüder, bleibt der Erde treu und glaubt denen nicht, welche euch von überirdischen Hoffnungen reden! Giftmischer sind es, ob sie es wissen oder nicht.
Verächter des Lebens sind es, Absterbende und selber Vergiftete, deren die Erde müde ist: so mögen sie dahinfahren! ...
Wahrlich, ein schmutziger Strom ist der Mensch. Man muß schon ein Meer sein, um einen schmutzigen Strom aufnehmen zu können, ohne unrein zu werden.
Seht, ich lehre euch den Übermenschen: der ist dies Meer, in ihm kann eure große Verachtung untergehn.
Was ist das Größte, das ihr erleben könnt? Das ist Stunde der großen Verachtung. Die Stunde, in der euch auch euer Glück zum Ekel wird und ebenso eure Vernunft und eure Tugend.
...
Seht, ich lehre euch den Übermenschen: der ist dieser Blitz, der ist dieser Wahnsinn! –
Als Zarathustra so gesprochen hatte, schrie einer aus dem Volke: »Wir hörten nun genug von dem Seiltänzer; nun laßt uns ihn auch sehen!« Und alles Volk lachte über Zarathustra. Der Seiltänzer aber, welcher glaubte, daß das Wort ihm gälte, machte sich an sein Werk.
4. Zarathustra aber sahe das Volk an und wunderte sich. Dann sprach er also:
Der Mensch ist ein Seil, geknüpft zwischen Tier und Übermensch – ein Seil über einem Abgrunde.
Ein gefährliches Hinüber, ein gefährliches Auf-dem-Wege, ein gefährliches Zurückblicken, ein gefährliches Schaudern und Stehenbleiben.
Was groß ist am Menschen, das ist, daß er eine Brücke und kein Zweck ist: was geliebt werden kann am Menschen, das ist, daß er ein Übergang und ein Untergang ist.[281] ...
Ich liebe den, welcher goldne Worte seinen Taten vorauswirft und immer noch mehr hält, als er verspricht: denn er will seinen Untergang.
Ich liebe den, welcher die Zukünftigen rechtfertigt und die Vergangenen erlöst: denn er will an den Gegenwärtigen zugrunde gehen. ...
Ich liebe den, dessen Seele übervoll ist, so daß er sich selber vergißt, und alle Dinge in ihm sind: so werden alle Dinge sein Untergang.
Ich liebe den, der freien Geistes und freien Herzens ist: so ist sein Kopf nur das Eingeweide seines Herzens, sein Herz aber treibt ihn zum Untergang. ...
Seht, ich bin ein Verkündiger des Blitzes, und ein schwerer Tropfen aus der Wolke: dieser Blitz aber heißt Übermensch –
5. Als Zarathustra diese Worte gesprochen hatte, sahe er wieder das Volk an und schwieg. »Da stehen sie«, sprach er zu seinem Herzen, »da lachen sie: sie verstehen mich nicht, ich bin nicht der Mund für diese Ohren.
Muß man ihnen erst die Ohren zerschlagen, daß sie lernen, mit den Augen hören? Muß man rasseln gleich Pauken und Bußpredigern? Oder glauben sie nur dem Stammelnden?
Sie haben etwas, worauf sie stolz sind. Wie nennen sie es doch, was sie stolz macht? Bildung nennen sie's, es zeichnet sie aus vor den Ziegenhirten.
Drum hören sie ungern von sich das Wort ›Verachtung‹. So will ich denn zu ihrem Stolze reden.
So will ich ihnen vom Verächtlichsten sprechen: das aber ist der letzte Mensch.«
Und also sprach Zarathustra zum Volke:
Es ist an der Zeit, daß der Mensch sich sein Ziel stecke. Es ist an der Zeit, daß der Mensch den Keim seiner höchsten Hoffnung pflanze. ...
6. Da aber geschah etwas, das jeden Mund stumm und jedes Auge starr machte. Inzwischen nämlich hatte der Seiltänzer sein Werk begonnen: er war aus einer kleinen Tür hinausgetreten und ging über das Seil, welches zwischen zwei Türmen gespannt war, also, daß es über dem Markte und dem Volke hing. Als er eben in der Mitte seines Weges war, öffnete sich die kleine Tür noch einmal, und ein bunter Gesell, einem Possenreißer gleich, sprang heraus und ging mit schnellen Schritten dem ersten nach. »Vorwärts, Lahmfuß«, rief seine fürchterliche Stimme, »vorwärts Faultier, Schleichhändler, Bleichgesicht! Daß ich dich nicht mit meiner Ferse kitzle! Was treibst du hier zwischen Türmen? In den Turm gehörst du, einsperren sollte man dich, einem Bessern, als du bist, sperrst du die freie Bahn!« – Und mit jedem Worte kam er ihm näher und näher: als er aber nur noch einen Schritt hinter ihm war, da geschah das Erschreckliche, das jeden Mund stumm und jedes Auge starr machte – er stieß ein Geschrei aus wie ein[285] Teufel und sprang über den hinweg, der ihm im Wege war. Dieser aber, als er so seinen Nebenbuhler siegen sah, verlor dabei den Kopf und das Seil; er warf seine Stange weg und schoß schneller als diese, wie ein Wirbel von Armen und Beinen, in die Tiefe. Der Markt und das Volk glich dem Meere, wenn der Sturm hineinfährt: alles floh auseinander und übereinander, und am meisten dort, wo der Körper niederschlagen mußte.
Zarathustra aber blieb stehen, und
gerade neben ihn fiel der Körper hin, übel zugerichtet und zerbrochen, aber
noch nicht tot. Nach einer Weile kam dem Zerschmetterten das Bewußtsein zurück,
und er sah Zarathustra neben sich knien. »Was machst du da?« sagte er endlich,
»ich wußte es lange, daß mir der Teufel ein Bein stellen werde. Nun schleppt er
mich zur Hölle: willst du's ihm wehren?«
»Bei meiner Ehre, Freund«, antwortete
Zarathustra, »das gibt es alles nicht, wovon du sprichst: es gibt keinen Teufel
und keine Hölle. Deine Seele wird noch schneller tot sein als dein Leib:
fürchte nun nichts mehr!«
This may be the subject of a study to enlarge on the Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis. The Indo-European language structure allows to form sentences that
can be described in the most general form:
Some agent (Subject) does something (verb) with something (a tool, an
instrument, a weapon) to a thing (object) to achieve some aim (the will).
Aristoteles knew only the Greek language structure to formulate his
philosophy and language logics, and there we have the causa finalis (the
aim), the causa instrumentalis (the tool) and the causa materialis,
which is the object. The aim is in other words, the will (to survive and
reproduce and have a nice life in Darwinian terms). The causa formalis
is the language structure itself.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Then this language structure allows us inflections or particles to
denote present tense, past tense, future tense, negative tense, and imaginative
tense. And then some more tenses. This is all in all called Grammatics.
The most elaborate of these is the Greek Koinae, or Common Language,
which was formulated in Hellenic Alexandria. The next elaborate one is
the German Grammar, then comes the French, and at the end of the list,
there is the English Grammar, which is practically a Pidgin with very little
grammar at all. The present-day common English is comparable in
simplicity only to Mandarin Chinese. So, the simplicity of a grammar
makes it very well suited to be(come) a common language of most of humanity.
As the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states, there are (supposedly) many
languages that have different deep structures. It is outside the scope of the
present enquiry to determine whether the Indo-European grammatical form is
typical only for these languages or if it holds universally. This is the
subject of the discussion in the next paragraph on Chomsky's paradigm of
universal grammar.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_grammar [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
This outlines the deeper philosophical backgrounds of Chomsky's theory:
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/PP/article/view/17681/13490 [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
Quote from p. 106-107:
2. Chomsky’s
Rationalism: As a linguist, Noam Chomsky adheres to rationalism, in opposition
to empiricism. His philosophy of language shows a clear influence of
rationalistic ideology, which claims that reason or rationality as a property
of mind is the primary source of knowledge or way to knowledge. His work is
inspired by such philosophers as Plato, Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza,
Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant. His theory is related to rationalist ideas
of a priori knowledge, manifested in innatism and nativism. In the introduction
to Modern Philosophy of Language, Maria Baghramian traces the history of
influence:
P.
107:
[quote
in quote]
"The
history of philosophical concern with language is as old as philosophy itself.
Plato in Cratylus explored the relationship between names and things and
engaged in what today would be recognised as philosophy of language. Most
philosophers since Plato have shown some interest in language. Rene Descartes
(1596-1650), the founder father of modern philosophy, for instance, believed in
the existence of universal language underpinning the diverse languages which
human communities use and is seen by twentieth- century linguist Noam Chomsky
as a precursor of the theory of innateness of linguistic abilities."
As a
self-declared Cartesian, Chomsky via Cartesian Linguistics (1966) clearly
embraces the interpretation of Descartes’ famous dictum ‘I think therefore I
am’ (cogito ergo sum) as the solid foundation for knowledge. With this
Cartesian spirit, Chomsky has provided a subjective view of language, claiming
that language refers to certain mental states, which a linguistic theory will
explicate. He says:
[quote in quote]
"We should,
so it appears, think of knowledge of language as a certain state of mind/brain,
a relatively stable element in transitory mental states once it is attained;
furthermore as a state of some distinguishable faculty of the mind – the
language faculty – with its specific properties, structure and organisation,
one module of the mind. (Chomsky, 1986: 12- 13)"
Chomsky was also
influenced by Kantian epistemology...
Some more information on Chomsky:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdUbIlwHRkY [Accessed: 2019-10-30]
The Concept of Language (Noam Chomsky), 1989
Reinhardt, Thomas 2008: Claude Lévi-Strauss
zur Einführung. Hamburg. S. 41-59.
https://moodle.lmu.de/pluginfile.php/393016/mod_book/chapter/23172/Reinhardt_2008.pdf
This article by Thomas Reinhardt accentuates the approach of
Structuralism, by Claude Lévi-Strauss, who based his work on the linguistic
work of Saussure. There exist some similarities with Chomsky's work. Both are
based on Cartesian Linguistics. Saussure's term langue is equivalent to
the innate language ability of Chomsky. Some more information is here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_postmodernism
[Accessed: 2019-10-30]
Claude Lévi-Strauss's "Myth and Meaning" is important in the
present context. See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralist_theory_of_mythology
Lévi-Strauss,
Claude. Myth and Meaning. New York: Schocken Books,
1978.
Lévi-Strauss,
Claude. Structural Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson. New
York: Basic Books, 1963.
http://www.generation-online.org/p/fplevistrauss.htm
http://historiaocharkeologi.com/kanada/myth_and_meaning.pdf
https://people.ucsc.edu/~ktellez/levi-strauss.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1gxxr10
One interesting case is the study by Daniel Everett, which was recently
one of the most controversial issues of studies of the simplest type of human
language. Because his theory contradicted the academically entrenched idea of
Chomsky's paradigm of universal grammar and the recursivity of language. On the
other hand, the Piraha language is quite a scientific language. It deals only
with "matter-of-fact" issues and has no place for human intentions
and aims and desires and wishes. At present, the current author has only
minimal documentation of the Piraha language grammar and vocabulary, and so
this must remain anecdotal. It doesn't help that Daniel Everett began his
career as a missionary of some obscure christian sect to convert this Amazon
"tribe", and he had as his only linguistic qualification nothing more
than the Holy Bible. (See his talks below). This is about as much as St.
Augustine had, when he did his studies of the Adamic language. (See Umberto Eco, p. 14-15 ->eco1). So it could very well have been that
the Piraha people "helped" Everett out of friedliness to build his
dictionary by ad hoc devising a sort of pidgin, knowing that he would never be
able to understand the finer points of their language. Everett himself gives
some personal information about his work
in several videos, and there remains the impression that his views are somewhat
simplistic:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=get272FyNto [Accessed: 2019-10-26]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFxg5vkaPgk [Accessed: 2019-10-26]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjSG_PfmuK8 [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/25/daniel-everett-human-language-piraha
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Can you give me a very quick summary of
the essential claim of this book?
There are two
claims, the first is that universal grammar doesn't seem to work, there doesn't
seem to be much evidence for that. And what can we put in its place? A complex
interplay of factors, of which culture, the values human beings share, plays a
major role in structuring the way that we talk and the things that we talk
about.
From your experience in the Amazon, and generally,
what is it that makes language possible?
Language is
possible due to a number of cognitive and physical characteristics that are
unique to humans but none of which that are unique to language. Coming together
they make language possible. But the fundamental building block of language is
community. Humans are a social species more than any other, and in order to
build a community, which for some reason humans have to do in order to live, we
have to solve the communication problem. Language is the tool that was invented
to solve that problem.
https://www.amazon.de/Das-gl%C3%BCcklichste-Volk-Pirah%C3%A3-Indianern-Amazonas/dp/3421043078 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Als Daniel Everett 1977 mit Frau
und Kindern in den brasilianischen Urwald reiste, wollte er als Missionar den
Stamm der Pirahã, der ohne Errungenschaften der modernen Zivilisation an einem
Nebenfluss des Amazonas lebt, zum christlichen Glauben bekehren. Er begann die
Sprache zu lernen und stellte schnell fest, dass sie allen Erwartungen
zuwiderläuft. Die Pirahã kennen weder Farbbezeichnungen wie rot und gelb noch
Zahlen, und folglich können sie auch nicht rechnen. Sie sprechen nicht über
Dinge, die sie nicht selbst erlebt haben – die ferne Vergangenheit also,
Fantasieereignisse oder die Zukunft. Persönlicher Besitz bedeutet ihnen nichts.
Everett verbrachte insgesamt sieben Jahre bei den Pirahã, fasziniert von ihrer
Sprache, ihrer Sicht auf die Welt und ihrer Lebensweise. Sein Buch ist eine
gelungene Mischung aus Abenteuererzählung und der Schilderung spannender
anthropologischer und linguistischer Erkenntnisse. Und das Zeugnis einer
Erfahrung, die das Leben Everetts gründlich veränderte.
About words for color: It should be noted that in the
Amazon environment, almost everything there is green. And that just means that
it is not edible. With a few flowers and fruits here and there, it probably is
of no great survival value to distinguish their colors. The factor of ripeness
of a fruit is of course important, but it is probably good enough to
distinguish between "interesting/edible" and "not interesting/inedible".
See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/brazil-s-piraha-tribe-living-without-numbers-or-time-a-414291.html [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
The docu on Arte TV about Everett's work gives some more in-depth
information on the language theory. But it needs to be noted that most of Arte
documentary has a distinct Rousseau-esque style, and so these productions have
the same somewhat romantic touch. One should notice that in all those
"pristine" settings of "pure nature", there are about 1
million parasites that would like to eat a huge chunk of you. The matter of
survival in such settings depends more on avoiding those parasites, than
anything else.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4wOzSrwW6E [Accessed: 2019-11-04]
In ancient Greek language, the epistemic question translates to
something like:
"Onoma homoion to pragmati". Meaning that the spoken word may
have or not any resemblance to the thing being dealt with. This was elaborated
by Platon in his Kratylos (274c-275). This should count as one of the earliest
linguistic etymological works about a correspondence of the spoken word with
the nature of the object being named. This is in essence the Adamic question,
see the work of Umberto Eco (below). The present
author has mentioned this in his
dissertation under Dynamic Cultural Transmission:
http://www.noologie.de/desn24.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/desn24.htm#Heading123 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/desn19.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
This is also discussed in depth as "The Kratylos Question":
http://www.noologie.de/symbol17.htm#Heading147 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Umberto Eco mentions this in his work: "The Search for the Perfect
Language", on p. 11:
https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2017/LJMedB25/um/seminar_4/Eco_The_Search_for_the_Perfect_Language.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
A civilization
with an international language does not need to worry about the multiplicity of
tongues. Nevertheless such a civilization can worry about the 'rightness' of
its own. In the Cratylus, Plato asks the same question that a reader of the
Genesis story might: did the nomothete chose the sounds with which to name
objects according to the objects' nature (physis)? This is the thesis of
Cratylus, while Ermogene [AG: Hermogenes] maintains that they were assigned by
law or human convention (nomos). Socrates moves among these theses with
apparent ambiguity. Finally, having subjected both to ironical comment,
inventing etymologies that neither he (nor Plato) is eager to accept, Socrates
brings
(p.
12)
forward his own
hypothesis: knowledge is founded not on our relation to the names of things,
but on our relation to the things themselves - or, better, to the ideas of
those things. Later, even by these cultures that ignored Cratylus, every
discussion on the nature of a perfect language has revolved around the three
possibilities first set out in this dialogue. None the less, the Cratylus was
not itself a project for a perfect language: Plato discusses the preconditions
for semantic adequacy within a given language without posing the problem of a
perfect one.
Here are some youtube lists about the subject:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=anthropology+playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVEqkVDn6Y4&list=PLc8e2NNCopVvBRyt58wqG-2jEXQZCd4HB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6tB2KiZuk&list=PLveQv6d7Eew9sFx3G2_HgD4fEk8BPRwPo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzdqyXtPbbE&list=PLNOKRLmJyNbJJcwZuRkvUbl4pmUFmkWD0
The task of Theoretical Anthropology is to bring the widely
divergent views of natural science, especially contemporary
neuro-science, and evolutionary science, to some convergence with cultural
anthropological theories. There is a difficulty that most of western
philosophy is deeply eurocentric, and much still relies on the now quite
outdated model of Platonic and Christian Metaphysics. This is based
on some transcendental model of what could be the meaning of the
universe or the kosmos, and of course, what is the meaning of human life.
The task is: how we can come to construct a philosophical theory of
human existence, human experience, human aspiring, human
loving, human suffering, and human achieving, into a
framework that covers all the many variations of human existence. ?
This task is never-ending, because with every human being who lives
today, we can find new avenues, or possibly new adventures of the human
spirit. This is discussed in the sections about the Hero's Journey,
in the many mythologies of humanity. In the present work, the author
undertakes to show some of the possible paths of that Hero's Journey,
and of course, the Heroine's Journey:
->campbell_work ->campbell_comparison
->campbell_monomyth
->peterson1
->peterson_discuss
What the author should also remind of, is that there is not only the Hero's
Journey, but also the Tarot's Fool's Journey, the Dunce's Journey,
the Trickster's Journey, the Witch's Journey, the Pervert's
Journey, and the journey of so many odd-ball creatures of humanity,
who may not be as Hollywood-Pop-Culture-fitting glamorous, but these
still are also journeys of humanity, which are all variations of: "To err
is to be human".
This should not be taken too seriously: Why do so many USA university
professor's have a large beard, like the proverbial Captain Ahab of
Moby Dick's fame? This is probably a signature that they have obtained
tenure, and the beards may be there to show this off.
For example Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sapolsky
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sapolsky&pbjreload=10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNnIGh9g6fA&list=PLqeYp3nxIYpF7dW7qK8OvLsVomHrnYNjD
Here is Jared Diamond who presents some interesting pictures of
indigenous society:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=jared+diamond+playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgnmT-Y_rGQ&list=PL7B3DB15E50F63F65&index=1
Human Nature is a hotly controversial topic crossing the borders between
the academic humanities (Geisteswissenschaften) and the natural
(physics-dependent) sciences (Naturwissenschaften). The fault lines follow
exactly the trench described by C.P. Snow as "the two cultures". So
there are two quite distinct Anthropological theoretical lines dealing with
human nature. The natural science school and the social science or
humanities school.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Cultures [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUHYlyacMmA&list=PL3F6BC200B2930084
[Accessed: 2019-11-12]
This is for some people who understand Spanish:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5w1oIsFZfw&list=PLDmBZpvjapyt07qmxokkYlxeZlnkJ6Cdt&index=3 [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
The following article provides some in-depth information about the
cultural/technological dimension of evolution:
Peter A. Corning, Ph.D., Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and
Social Philosophy, vol. 4, nos. 1-2, 2008, What Is Life? Among Other Things,
It’s A Synergistic Effect!
https://www.cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/91/181
p. 240:
In short,
animal-tool symbiosis is widespread in nature, and the difference between
humans and other toolusing species, as Darwin noted, is a matter of degree;
there is no difference in kind. Nevertheless, it can also be argued that
humankind has achieved the highest level of behavioral synergy in evolution by
virtue of the fact that we have added an entirely new cultural/technological
dimension to the process. To be sure, we benefit from all of the other levels
of synergy that exist in living systems, but we also do something more. We
combine new and more powerful methods of obtaining, storing and transmitting
information with an ongoing, cumulative process of tool and technology
invention.
These
superlative human skills, the roots of which probably trace back several
million years in our ancestry, very likely were “pacemakers” that shaped the
trajectory of our biological evolution. In biologist Jonathan Kingdon’s (1993)
characterization, we are the “self-made man.” (A detailed discussion of this
hypothesis can be found in Corning 2003.) From our earliest stone tools to the
control of fire (and other exogenous energy sources) to language, writing and
the latest in interplanetary space technologies, humankind has invented new and
increasingly complex technological synergies that have also expanded the scope
and reach of the evolutionary process itself. We represent a synergy of synergies.
Even though the proposition seems tricky, it is actually quite easy to
solve: Humanity has produced its own cultural environment for the evolution of
the biological species "homo xyz". This has been going on since at
least 100,000 years but possibly up to 1,000,000 years (the paleontological
data get more sparse and blurred the older they are). This has been pointed out
by Jonathan Kingdon in "Self-Made Man". It is primarily the use of
fire and cooking which had a decisive influence on the development of the brain
(Richard Wrangham), and then comes tool use which shaped the human living
environment into some sort of incubator. Also of importance is sexual
selection. Women were not only selecting men as sex-partners because of brute
strength but also for story-telling, dancing and singing, or more general, art
and enchantment. This is the human equivalent of the proverbial peacock's tail,
which already Darwin was aware of. This example also breaks open the Spencerian
"survival of the fittest" dogma since "fit" is now defined
by the tastes of the females. See also these articles by the present author:
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading119
Ein Noologisches Märchen: Das Leben der
Menschen im Paradiese
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading120
Das Leben vor der Erfindung des Leides:
Wenn die Bonobos unsere Vorfahren gewesen
wären.
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading121
Ansätze für alternative
Ur-Menschheits-Historien
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trSRozVaco0
Humans: The Cooking Ape, a lecture by Richard Wrangham
Kingdon, Jonathan: Self-Made Man: Human Evolution from Eden to
Extinction? John Wiley & Sons Incorporated, (1993)
https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jonathan-kingdon/self-made-man/
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-3-0348-6066-6%2F1.pdf
https://books.google.de/books?id=PpEjAQAAIAAJ&dq=editions:ISBN0671712608
How did man
evolve? Through simple adaptation to physical environments? Pure Darwinian
selection? Neither, says internationally recognized evolution expert Jonathan
Kingdon. When it comes to evolution, neither biology nor geography is destiny.
It was technology -- furs and fires, boats and fishtraps -- that liberated
man's ancestors from their primate pasts. In Self-Made Man, Kingdon offers a
radical new interpretation of the role that man's lust for new tools and
technologies played in driving human evolution. Modern humans are truly
"self-made," argues Kingdon, because even the most strictly
biological of adaptations was profoundly influenced by technological
innovations, distinguishing our evolutionary path from that of all other
animals. A perverse result of this technological genius has been an
irreversible dependence of our species on technological innovation, which may,
Kingdon argues passionately, ultimately destroy our environment and threaten
our very existence. This brilliant tour through the history of evolution draws
on the most up-to-date findings in genetics, paleoanthropology, archaeology,
and ecology. ...
He recounts how
the residents of the African "Eden" developed skills, tools, and
technologies, and were able to venture out into less habitable territory. Thus,
it was technology that drove their migration to the farthest reaches of the
earth--and so it is technology that lies at the heart of human form and
diversity. As it explores the processes that brought humanity to its present
condition, Self-Made Man demolishes some widely held notions about early
societies and the origins of races. From its re-examination of the role of
women and children in the development of advanced societies to its assertion
that skin, hair, and eye color may not be determined by physical surroundings
and a subsequent redefinition of "race," Self-Made Man is full of
provocative reinterpretations and revelations that are sure to surprise and
challenge all readers.
Peter Sloterdijk also mentions the incubator theory in some places (in
"Blasen"), even though some of his more audacious theories are widely
accused of being politically incorrect, like his "Regeln für den
Menschenpark".
https://homepage.univie.ac.at/henning.schluss/seminare/023bildung_und_genetik/texte/01sloterdijk.htm
Worum es hier im Ernst zu tun ist, das hat der Meister des gefährlichen Denkens, Nietzsche, im dritten Teil von 'Also sprach Zarathustra' unter der Überschrift: 'Von der verkleinernden Tugend' in beklemmenden Andeutungen umschrieben:
... (KSA 4, S.211-214)
Ohne Zweifel verbirgt sich in dieser rhapsodischen Spruchfolge
ein theoretischer Diskurs über den Menschen als eine zähmende und züchtende
Gewalt. Aus Zarathustras Perspektive sind die Menschen der Gegenwart vor allem
eines: erfolgreiche Züchter, die es vermocht haben, aus dem wilden Menschen den
letzten Menschen zu machen. Es versteht sich von selbst, daß dergleichen nicht
nur mit humanistischen, zähmend-abrichtend-erzieherischen Mitteln geschehen
konnte. Mit der These vom Menschen als Züchter des Menschen wird der
humanistische Horizont gesprengt, sofern der Humanismus niemals weiter denken
kann und darf als bis zur Zähmungs- und Erziehungsfrage: Der Humanist läßt sich
den Menschen vorgeben und wendet dann auf ihn seine zähmenden, dressierenden,
bildenden Mittel an - überzeugt, wie er ist, vom notwendigen Zusammenhang
zwischen Lesen, Sitzen und Besänftigen.
http://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/14799651
The problem with finding a purely natural endowment of humans is that
infants are always born into a society and this means a social structure. Apart
from some fancy novels like that of Tarzan and Kipling's Mowgli (wolf
children), there has never been an observation of a human infant that survived
being separated from their mother directly after birth with no other
mother-like substitute. Another very interesting story-tale is the founding
myth of the Romans, that Romulus and Remus were succled and brought up
by a she-wolf. This is at least interesting for its mythological theme. These are
"as-if" stories about whether a human infant without cultural
embedding could reach its human potential, especially language. The
enculturation of a human begins already in the womb, like the motions and the
sounds of the mother body, and the food that she eats. It is quite unlikely
that an isolated human child, even when fed, could by itself develop language
ability. There are stories of experiments, to raise children without language
interaction, and they all failed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiments
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/181892/summary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBgeyRwlPOA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli
Mowgli /ˈmaʊɡli/ is
a fictional character and
the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories.
He is a naked feral child from
the Pench area
in Seoni, India,
who originally appeared in Kipling's short story "In
the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions,
1893) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in
his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895),
which also featured stories about other characters.[1]
Taken to the extremes, the position of (a large part of) the humanities
is their insistence that almost everything in the observable universe is
socially constructed. This holds largely true as we are constrained to the
"observable" side. In Kantian terms, we cannot observe the
"thing-in-itself" objectively because our observations are always
influenced by selection filters. The most common selection filters are our
(culturally conditioned) sense facilities and our observation instruments.
[One example of cultural conditioning are the tone variations of (so
many) chinese dialects which can only be mastered perfectly when learned in the
first 3 years of primary imprinting.]
The sense extensions like a telescope or a microscope or a film camera,
are all the result of a few millennia of technological development, and
technology is of course a social endeavor. One other factor of cultural
selection filters is the early enculturation of the fetus in the womb of the
mother. Peter Sloterdijk uses a quite different terminology for the
construction of the social world: Anthropotechniken.
See: ->sloterdijk_sphaere
https://www.geogr-helv.net/73/261/2018/gh-73-261-2018.pdf
...menschliche Techniken, Anthropotechniken, durch deren Einübung sich Menschen Welt aneignen und gemeinsam in ihr einrichten
The most extreme position of socially constructed environment is
formulated in the theory of structuralism, as the following example shows. The
quote is from:
Einführung in die Ethnologie (Kursinhalte) /
7. Zentrale Theorien nach 1945
https://moodle.lmu.de/mod/book/view.php?id=226747&chapterid=23172
Reinhardt, Thomas (2008): Claude Lévi-Strauss zur Einführung. Hamburg. S. 41-59
https://moodle.lmu.de/mod/book/view.php?id=226747&chapterid=23172#ch-7-1
"Wirklichkeit an sich existiert also nicht. Sie wird durch
den strukturierenden menschlichen Geist geschaffen, durch das Ordnen der
erfahrbaren Umwelt, die sonst in ihrer Vielseitigkeit nicht erfassbar wäre."
Amborn, Hermann 1992: Strukturalismus. Theorie und Methode. In: Fischer, Hans
(Hg.): Ethnologie. Einführung
und Überblick.
Berlin und Hamburg. S. 347.
It would take a very seasoned structuralist anthropologist to interpret
the following situation in terms of a social construct: Imagine the
anthropologist sitting alone in the middle of winter in the Siberian tundra, at
-50 degree celsius, and with a wind speed of 100 km/h, and then to exclaim that
"this is just a social construct!".
There are many cases where the idea of socially constructed reality will
run into problems. We may just consider a huge volcano eruption, an earthquake,
a hurricane, a tsunami, or the impact of a huge asteroid of 10 km diameter.
These are all cases where "reality" allows no social construction.
Jordan Peterson elaborates the difference of the normal functioning of society
vs. abnormal cases in his structural system of the Explored Territory
and the Unexplored Territory.
Unexplored Territory: Phenomenology
and Neuropsychology, p. 41.
Exploration: Phenomenology and
Neuropsychology, p. 48.
Explored Territory: Phenomenology
and Neuropsychology, p. 61.
This is explained in the following
quotation:
http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?10.077
8. It appears to
be the case, first, that the human brain has developed two large-scale
specialized systems of adaptation (see Goldberg, Podell and Lovell (1994) for a
parallel notion). The first of these, which we strive with all our might to
keep activated, operates when we are in home territory. In home territory, we
are secure. Friends and kin are there. Our position in the primate dominance
hierarchy there, while not necessarily optimal, perhaps, is at least familiar.
Our battles for position have been fought, and decided, even if not won, and we
are not threatened by every move we make (or every move made by another). We
know what to do in home territory - and, therefore, we might say that culture
is where we know how to be. But where are you when you know where to be?
9. The second
specialized system of adaptation operates when we do not know where we are. We
strive with all our might to keep this system shut down, inhibited. Most of us
are in the fortunate position of never having experienced its full activation
(at least not within memory). We have never been shaken out of our beds in the
middle of the night by mortal enemies, bent on our destruction. We have never
found ourselves up against the predatory terrors of the primordial forest,
unshielded by our cultural milieu. At most - except, perhaps, when we
experience the death of someone loved - we suffer anxiety and grief, rather
than terror and despair. We are not at the mercy of nature - at least so we
think, as we continue to conquer the world with the tools of our knowledge. But
grief and misery occur where we least expect them (and maybe that is nature,
too).
"Wirklichkeit" and "Reality" have a very different
language substructure. The German word "Wirklichkeit" means something
that the Roman/Latin concept of "Reality" is incapable to express.
"Wirklich" means "Wirken" or "Be-Wirken", this is
the "Wirkung". "Wirken" is that force which influences us
and we influence something. The English equivalent is work. In Greek it
is ergon or wergon. There is an even older etymological
connection here, because "Wirken" has an old synonymous connection to
"Weben". This is again connected to the ancient Latin term textus
and the Greek term histion which is quite significant.
https://synonyme.woxikon.de/synonyme/wirken.php
Synonymgruppe
↗flechten · ↗knüpfen · ↗spinnen · ↗weben · wirken
http://www.noologie.de/neuro05.htm
... den uralten Stoff der
Homerischen Odyssee als ein "sich selbst webendes mythisches
Gespinst" (histion) [57] zu interpretieren
http://www.noologie.de/neuro08.htm#fn154
[154] Histion := das Gespinst. Über die Zeiten vor Erfindung der Schrift kann man keine Geschichtsschreibung machen, da die stummen Zeugen der Urzeit, die in den Ausgrabungen der Archäologen und Paläontologen zum Vorschein kommen, nur durch die Filter des heutigen Denkens und Verstehens interpretiert werden können, und die unweigerlich mehr oder weniger starke Projektionen des "Jetzt" auf die Ur-Zeit enthalten.
http://www.noologie.de/noo202.htm#Index1351
http://www.noologie.de/noo202.htm#Index1366
http://www.noologie.de/noo202.htm#fn102
[102] Historia /
Textus: Das Gewebe (Histion)
der Geschichten der Kollektiv-Erinnerung.
So, the German "Wirklichkeit" is quite different from the
Roman/Latin concept, where "Reality" is derived from "Res",
in German a "Ding, Sache, Objekt". There can never be a clean
separation of "Subject" from "Object". And by this, the
Roman/Latin mode of thinking the "world" is structurally deficient.
The natural science view is based on an extension of the Darwinian
theory that links all the abilities of the human organism to the great web of
evolution. The concept of "survival of the fittest" by Herbert
Spencer is actually a tautology: What survives is fit. The rich history of
extinctions shows that it is mostly those organisms that are most specialized
for their environments, that are the first to go extinct when the climate or
other environment factors change. And humans are just some specific branch of
this evolutionary theater, and there is no such thing as a higher evolutionary
position of humans. Their biological modes of expression and cognition are made
of the same stuff as all organic matter. The human sensorium is oriented around
the sense of vision and of space, next comes the hearing sense, and all the
other senses follow at some distance. One can compare the human sensorium quite
closely with that of a cat, and a bird of prey. The essence of this visual
acuity is the binocular spatial vision. This is a characteristic of
predatory animals and of monkeys living in the trees, where exact spatial
orientation is essential for survival. Herbivores typically have their eyes set
laterally in the skull and they have no visional ability of something to point
at and focus on.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
A quite interesting aspect of spatial vision is exemplified in the
typical walking gait of birds, where the head sharply goes forward and
backward. This allows a bird to "assemble" a kind of spatial vision
between its head positions. The human sense of peripheral vision of motion of
(possibly edible or dangerous) objects is most highly developed. Jordan
Peterson and James Gibson have elaborated on this: ->petersen1 ->gibson1. It is a misconception to describe
humans as "Mängelwesen" (a
somewhat deficient creature) in the diction of Arnold Gehlen. Humans can
out-run most of all steppe animals in terms of endurance, as it is evidenced in
Khoi-San hunting techniques.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ngelwesen [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
One other reason for the misconception of deficiency of the human
organism is technological. The senses of smell and taste are also very highly
developed, but since there is no good technological instrumentation to make a
science of it, this has lagged behind. And it is left to the mainly French and
Chinese experts of perfumes, sommeliers and cooking, who know this field better
than the scientists. So the human organism has a quite good combination of a
specific ensemble of modes of perception and expression.
The present day name of evolutionary anthropology is Sociobiology. Aside
from Darwin, we have as founders of this movement Thomas Hobbes, Herbert
Spencer, and modern-day proponents like E.O. Wilson. The following wikipedia
article sums it all up:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
An example of a quite controversial sociobiological interpretation of
"culture" is this:
Heiner Mühlmann: "Die Natur der Kulturen".
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BChlmann
https://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/7334/30/L-G-0000733430-0002339371.pdf
http://www2.uni-wuppertal.de/FB5-Hofaue/Brock/Schrifte/Habil/Rezens2.html
While most of the German intelligenzia are unanimous in denouncing this
work, in the USA, there are also some positive receptions.
https://www.bookdepository.com/Nature-Cultures-Heiner-M%C3%BChlmann/9783211828007
Culture
does not only mean art society, Rilke poems, string quartet and an evening of
chess. Culture is also and even more so criminality, xenophobia, civil wars,
fundamentalism; all measurable symptoms of adjustment difficulties. These are
based on stress and on inability to cooperate experienced by the participants.
Culture is, according to Muhlmann's socio-biological thesis, the result of the
combination of stress and an ability to cooperate. Advanced Western
civilizations are a result of a maximal stress cooperation (MCS), leading, of
course, to a conception of culture, that can hardly be called intellectual any
longer. Springer Verlag's new book series opens on a triumphant note. It
presents a powerful thesis, a clear and transparent language, all within 150
pages, and a pressing topic (Sudwestfunk). The author has been awarded by the
International Institute for Advanced Studies in System Research and Cybernetics
and Systems Research Foundation for authoring an excellent book, which has been
nominated...
Sociobiology is based on genetics. In this field, the work of Richard
Dawkins has become very popular, with his seminal expression: "The Selfish
Gene". There is a problem with popular-science ideas of genetics: The DNA
is a pattern that is used to produce proteins, meaning bio-molecules of
extraordinary complexity. A chunk of DNA is called a gene. It is quite
difficult to imagine that this DNA chunk has any self-reproductive impulse. It
is always the (female) ovum cell body that does the reproducing. And there is
still a huge gap of (mis-) understanding of all the many intermediary stages
between a protein and the formation of the body of an organism. The latest fad
in genetics is CRISPR, meaning a technique to tailor the DNA in some ways to
achieve some outcome, and this is quite universally not very well understood.
There are very many un-intended side-effects when applying this technique.
Another current catchword is epigenetics. This means that there exists a
transfer mechanism of the life-experience of the organism into its own
genetics. This is a Lamarckian concept, and is therefore a great "bone of
contention" in present-day genetics.
Here are some docu's on Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Konrad Lorenz and then some
more:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRj21XvCl7k&list=PL9EbgUcldz4XY7rtze7TMaFhL0bzKQafs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qL2NTzPcIY&list=PLDmBZpvjapyt07qmxokkYlxeZlnkJ6Cdt&index=9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRj21XvCl7k&list=PLDmBZpvjapyt07qmxokkYlxeZlnkJ6Cdt&index=10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjzeULRbSp0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WHXn7NOQXY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YU_1_Xj9Unc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko6cHXj31hg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Fd3-JQAWiM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUFOuCzkeFg
This is a line of thought that has some relevance for embodied
knowledge.
https://aeon.co/essays/how-and-why-exactly-did-consciousness-become-a-problem
Yet,
as some philosophers of the early 20th century began to point out, physicalism
contains a logical flaw. If consciousness is a secondary byproduct of physical
laws, and if those laws are causally closed – meaning that everything in the
world is explained by them (as physicalists claim) – then consciousness becomes
truly irrelevant. Physicalism further allows us to imagine a world without consciousness,
a ‘zombie world’ that looks exactly like our own, peopled with beings who act
exactly like us but aren’t conscious. ...
These
are fighting words. And some scientists are fighting back. In the frontline are
the neuroscientists who, with increasing frequency, are proposing theories for
how subjective experience might emerge from a matrix of neurons and brain
chemistry. A slew of books over the past two decades have proffered solutions
to the ‘problem’ of consciousness. Among the best known are Christof
Koch’s The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (2004);
Giulio Tononi and Gerald Edelman’s A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination (2000);
Antonio Damasio’s The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of
Consciousness (1999); and
the philosopher Daniel Dennett’s bluntly titled Consciousness Explained (1991). ...
Once
we take our universe to be a mathematical arena, a question arises as to where
in this scheme the realm of the soul might be found. Specifically, in an
infinite despiritualised Euclidean universe there is no room for Heaven. Indeed
it now becomes problematic to talk about any place beyond the physical
realm. This hadn’t been an issue with the medieval cosmos, which was finite. As
depicted in pre-Renaissance imagery, the medieval cosmos was a relatively small
place, with the Earth at the centre surrounded, onion-like, by a set of
concentric spheres carrying the Sun, Moon, planets and stars. Beyond the
outermost sphere of the stars, there was metaphorically plenty of space left
for the Empyrean Heaven of God. At the end of The Divine Comedy (1320), when Dante
reaches the end of the physical world, he pierces the cosmic skin and emerges
into the presence of ‘the Love which moves the sun and the other stars’. But
with the arrival of the Newtonian universe, the problem of Heaven’s ‘location’
was compounded into a geographical absurdity.
...
Scientific materialists will argue
that the scientific method enables us to get outside of experience and grasp
the world as it is in itself. As will be clear by now, we disagree; indeed, we
believe that this way of thinking misrepresents the very method and practice of
science.
In general
terms, here’s how the scientific method works. First, we set aside aspects of
human experience on which we can’t always agree, such as how things look or
taste or feel. Second, using mathematics and logic, we construct abstract,
formal models that we treat as stable objects of public consensus. Third, we
intervene in the course of events by isolating and controlling things that we
can perceive and manipulate. Fourth, we use these abstract models and concrete
interventions to calculate future events. Fifth, we check these predicted
events against our perceptions. An essential ingredient of this whole process
is technology: machines – our equipment – that standardise these procedures,
amplify our powers of perception, and allow us to control phenomena to our own
ends.
The Blind Spot
arises when we start to believe that this method gives us access to unvarnished
reality. But experience is present at every step. Scientific models must be
pulled out from observations, often mediated by our complex scientific
equipment. They are idealisations, not actual things in the world. Galileo’s
model of a frictionless plane, for example; the Bohr model of the atom with a
small, dense nucleus with electrons circling around it in quantised orbits like
planets around a sun; evolutionary models of isolated populations – all of
these exist in the scientist’s mind, not in nature. They are abstract mental
representations, not mind-independent entities. Their power comes from the fact
that they’re useful for helping to make testable predictions. But these, too, never take us
outside experience, for they require specific kinds of perceptions performed by
highly trained observers.
So the belief
that scientific models correspond to how things truly are doesn’t follow from
the scientific method. Instead, it comes from an ancient impulse – one often found
in monotheistic religions – to know the world as it is in itself, as God does.
The contention that science reveals a perfectly objective ‘reality’ is more
theological than scientific.
For
these reasons, scientific ‘objectivity’ can’t stand outside experience; in this
context, ‘objective’ simply means something that’s true to the observations
agreed upon by a community of investigators using certain tools. Science is
essentially a highly refined form of human experience, based on our capacities
to observe, act and communicate.
Recent
philosophers of science who target such ‘naive realism’ argue that science
doesn’t culminate in a single picture of a theory-independent world. Rather,
various aspects of the world – from chemical interactions to the growth and
development of organisms, brain dynamics and social interactions – can be more
or less successfully described by partial models. These models are always bound
to our observations and actions, and circumscribed in their application.
...
Let’s return to
the problem we started with, the question of time and the existence of a First
Cause. Many religions have addressed the notion of a First Cause in their
mythic creation narratives. To explain where everything comes from and how it
originates, they assume the existence of an absolute power or deity that
transcends the confines of space and time. With few exceptions, God or gods
create from without to give rise to what is within.
Unlike myth,
however, science is constrained by its conceptual framework to function along a
causal chain of events. The First Cause is a clear rupture of such causation –
as Buddhist philosophers pointed out long ago in their arguments against the
Hindu theistic position that there must be a first divine cause. How could
there be a cause that was not itself an effect of some other cause? The idea of
a First Cause, like the idea of a perfectly objective reality, is fundamentally
theological.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical) [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://useum.org/Renaissance/Perspective [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
The Renaissance brought the technique of perspective to simulate the
impression of the depth of space on a flat surface like a painting. The quotes
for the word "idea" accentuate that 3-d space is not a Platonic idea
at all. It is an essential part of the embodied knowledge of the adaptation to
the living environment of humanity. In the majority of European cultures, the
height-depth of space has no great survival value, since most of that
environment is dominated by plains. When people live in the mountains, they
have a much greater awareness of heights and their physical properties. When we
consider the life of people in deep jungle forests, where trees can reach
heights of 50 meters and more, they must also have a greater awareness of
height than flat-landers. It takes a very acute sense of height and ballistics
to shoot at a monkey or a sloth with a blowpipe or bow-and-arrow to actually
hit the target. It is of no interest for these people if there exists no
elaborate vocabulary of 3-d space, since most of the transmission of this
embodied knowledge occurs as "learning by doing".
See: ->embodied_konwledge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hn8gk67s6YM&list=PL6gx8p07P7_EuA4hBGMXWVNeut2rVlvi0
Nomads of the Rainforest PBS NOVA 1984
https://deborahgabriel.com/2013/03/17/inductive-and-deductive-approaches-to-research/
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.thoughtco.com/deductive-vs-inductive-reasoning-3026549
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Deductive
reasoning and inductive reasoning are two different approaches to conducting
scientific research. Using deductive reasoning, a researcher tests a theory by
collecting and examining empirical evidence to see if the theory is true. Using
inductive reasoning, a researcher first gathers and analyzes data, then
constructs a theory to explain her findings.
Within the field
of sociology, researchers use both approaches. Often the two are used in
conjunction when conducting research and when drawing conclusions from results.
Deductive
Reasoning
Many scientists
consider deductive reasoning the gold standard for scientific research. Using
this method, one begins with a theory or hypothesis, then conducts research in order to
test whether that theory or hypothesis is supported by specific evidence. This
form of research begins at a general, abstract level and then works its way
down to a more specific and concrete level. If something is found to be true
for a category of things, then it is considered to be true for all things in
that category in general.
An example
of how deductive reasoning is applied within sociology can be found in a 2014
study of whether biases of race or gender shape access to graduate-level
education. A team of researchers used
deductive reasoning to hypothesize that, due to
the prevalence of racism in society, race would play a role in shaping
how university professors respond to prospective graduate students who express
interest in their research. By tracking professor responses (and lack of
responses) to imposter students, coded for race and gender by name, the researchers were
able to prove their hypothesis true. They concluded, based on their research,
that racial and gender biases are barriers that prevent equal access to
graduate-level education across the U.S.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation/ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Issues
concerning scientific explanation have been a focus of philosophical attention
from Pre-Socratic times through the modern period. However, recent discussion
really begins with the development of the Deductive-Nomological (DN) model. This model
has had many advocates (including Popper 1935, 1959, Braithwaite 1953,
Gardiner, 1959, Nagel 1961) but unquestionably the most detailed and
influential statement is due to Carl Hempel (Hempel 1942, 1965, and Hempel
& Oppenheim 1948). These papers and the reaction to them have structured
subsequent discussion concerning scientific explanation to an extraordinary
degree. After some general remarks by way of background and orientation
(Section 1), this entry describes the DN model and its
extensions, and then turns to some well-known objections (Section 2). It next
describes a variety of subsequent attempts to develop alternative models of
explanation, including Wesley Salmon's Statistical Relevance (Section 3)
and Causal Mechanical (Section 4)
models and the Unificationist models due to
Michael Friedman and Philip Kitcher (Section 5). Section 6 provides a summary
and discusses directions for future work.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abduction/ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
In the
philosophical literature, the term “abduction” is used in two related but
different senses. In both senses, the term refers to some form of explanatory
reasoning. However, in the historically first sense, it refers to the place of
explanatory reasoning in generating hypotheses, while in the sense
in which it is used most frequently in the modern literature it refers to the
place of explanatory reasoning in justifying hypotheses. In the latter
sense, abduction is also often called “Inference to the Best Explanation.”
This entry is
exclusively concerned with abduction in the modern sense, although there is a
supplement on abduction in the historical sense, which had its origin in the
work of Charles Sanders Peirce—see the
Supplement: Peirce on Abduction.
See
also the entry on scientific discovery, in particular the
section on discovery as abduction.
Most
philosophers agree that abduction (in the sense of Inference to the Best
Explanation) is a type of inference that is frequently employed, in some form
or other, both in everyday and in scientific reasoning. However, the exact form
as well as the normative status of abduction are still matters of controversy.
This entry contrasts abduction with other types of inference; points at
prominent uses of it, both in and outside philosophy; considers various more or
less precise statements of it; discusses its normative status; and highlights
possible connections between abduction and Bayesian confirmation theory.
The Circumpolar Culture Theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8EZGKS06_Q
NOVA - Secrets Of The Lost Red Paint People
This video makes a reference to certain common cultural traits of
archaic circum-polar peoples in Siberia, Northern Europe, and
Labrador/Newfoundland (or better: North-Eastern America) that share common
implements. This is connected to the theory of Norwegian professor Paul
Simonsen (min. 35:00 of the video). The keyword is Circumpolar Studies
and Acta Borealia. If a cultural transfer would have existed around 4000
years ago, that implies that these people were capable of boat-building and
navigation near the polar region.
Circumpolar
culture theory has been a persistent unifying theme in northern anthropology,
playing a formative role in the development of general anthropological theory
and stimulating numerous archaeological and ethnological studies of high
latitude regions. One of the most important contributions to this field was
Gutorm Gjessing's Circumpolar Stone Age (1944). Today this work is known as a
timely synthesis in which ethnological and archaeological data were marshalled
in support of an hypothesis of northern diffusion through the Arctic and Taiga
zones from Scandinavia to northeastern North America. The principal elements in
this proposed diffusion chain included toggling harpoons, large skin boats, oil
lamps, ulu-type knives, ground slate tools, the curved-back adze or gouge, and
cord-marked pottery. Later additions to this circumpolar adaptive complex
included parallels in social structure, religion, and mythology (Gjessing 1953;
Nordland 1968).
When and why did
occupational specialization begin at the Scandinavian north coast
P Simonsen - …
Maritime Adaptations of the Circumpolar Zone, 1975 - books.google.com
In Scandinavian
prehistory it has been nearly a dogma that the preagrarian, food-gathering
society had no
professional handicraftsmen or other specialists, except the shaman. In my
work with the sub-Neolithic
culture of northernmost Scandinavia I have found many
confirmations of
this view, but also a few remarkable exceptions. These will be published
here for the
first time. The pattern of settlement among the hunters and fishers of the late
Stone Age in the
county of Finnmark, farthest north in Norway, normally was the little fishing …
The work of Hertha v. Dechend is also an example for (theoretical)
diffusionism of archaic humanity. ->dechend
In the line of thought most commonly associated with French
Rationalism, the most influential thinker was Descartes. The Cartesian
Doctrine, as it is also called, is a Binary Dualism. It presupposes
a mind-body split, which is another version of the ancient Zoroastrian, Gnostic
and Manichaean ideology.
This has its own problems, as the following article in aeon shows:
https://aeon.co/ideas/how-the-dualism-of-descartes-ruined-our-mental-health
[Accessed: 2019-10-29]
Toward the end
of the Renaissance period, a radical epistemological and metaphysical shift
overcame the Western psyche. The advances of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo
Galilei and Francis Bacon posed a serious problem for Christian dogma and its
dominion over the natural world. Following Bacon’s arguments, the natural world
was now to be understood solely in terms of efficient causes (ie, external
effects). Any inherent meaning or purpose to the natural world (ie, its
‘formal’ or ‘final’ causes) was deemed surplus to requirements. Insofar as it
could be predicted and controlled in terms of efficient causes, not only was
any notion of nature beyond this conception redundant, but God too could be
effectively dispensed with.
In the 17th
century, René Descartes’s dualism of matter and mind was an ingenious solution
to the problem this created. ‘The ideas’ that had hitherto been understood as
inhering in nature as ‘God’s thoughts’ were rescued from the advancing army of
empirical science and withdrawn into the safety of a separate domain, ‘the
mind’. On the one hand, this maintained a dimension proper to God, and on the
other, served to ‘make the intellectual world safe for Copernicus and Galileo’,
as the American philosopher Richard Rorty put it in Philosophy
and the Mirror of Nature (1979). In one fell swoop,
God’s substance-divinity was protected, while empirical science was given reign
over nature-as-mechanism – something ungodly and therefore free game.
Nature was
thereby drained of her inner life, rendered a deaf and blind apparatus of
indifferent and value-free law, and humankind was faced with a world of
inanimate, meaningless matter, upon which it projected its psyche – its
aliveness, meaning and purpose – only in fantasy. It was this disenchanted
vision of the world, at the dawn of the industrial revolution that followed,
that the Romantics found so revolting, and feverishly revolted against.
...
Although
Descartes’s dualism did not win the philosophical day, we in the West are still
very much the children of the disenchanted bifurcation it ushered in. Our
experience remains characterised by the separation of ‘mind’ and ‘nature’
instantiated by Descartes. Its present incarnation – what we might call the
empiricist-materialist position – not only predominates in academia, but in our
everyday assumptions about ourselves and the world. This is particularly clear
in the case of mental disorder.
In the previous
episteme, before the bifurcation of mind and nature, irrational experiences
were not just ‘error’ – they were speaking a language as meaningful as rational
experiences, perhaps even more so. Imbued with the meaning and rhyme of nature
herself, they were themselves pregnant with the amelioration of the suffering
they brought. Within the world experienced this way, we had a ground, guide and
container for our ‘irrationality’, but these crucial psychic presences vanished
along with the withdrawal of nature’s inner life and the move to ‘identity and
difference’.
...
In the face of
an indifferent and unresponsive world that neglects to render our experience
meaningful outside of our own minds – for nature-as-mechanism is powerless to
do this – our minds have been left fixated on empty representations of a world
that was once its source and being. All we have, if we are lucky to have them,
are therapists and parents who try to take on what is, in reality, and given
the magnitude of the loss, an impossible task.
The influence of Descartes is such that most present-day French
intellectuals still adhere to this view:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00990.x
[Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00990.x
[Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
In philosophy, rationalism is
the epistemological view that
"regards reason as the chief
source and test of knowledge"[1] or "any
view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".[2] More
formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory "in
which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive".[3]
In
an old controversy, rationalism was opposed to empiricism, where the
rationalists believed that reality has an intrinsically logical structure.
Because of this, the rationalists argued that certain truths exist and that the
intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists
asserted that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so
fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. The
rationalists had such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and
physical evidence were regarded as unnecessary to ascertain certain truths – in
other words, "there are significant ways in which our concepts and
knowledge are gained independently of sense experience".[4]
Different
degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist
standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over
other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the more extreme position that reason
is "the unique path to knowledge".[5] Given a
pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of
inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear
interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of
things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to
revive "Classical Political Rationalism" as a discipline that
understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic.
There are many modern influential French thinkers who follow this line
of thought: Claude Levi-Strauss and Derrida, among many more.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss
Lévi-Strauss argued that the "savage" mind
had the same structures as the "civilized" mind and that human
characteristics are the same everywhere.[9][10] These
observations culminated in his famous book Tristes Tropiques that
established his position as one of the central figures in the structuralist
school of thought. As well as sociology,
his ideas reached into many fields in the humanities,
including philosophy.
Structuralism has been defined as "the search for the underlying patterns
of thought in all forms of human activity."[4]
Here is some background information on Rousseau. It should be noted that
as a cultural theorist, he was influential as the "spiritus rector"
of the French Revolution terror regime. (He was dead by then and couldn't
object to this abuse of his theories). Otherwise his romantic idea of
the noble sauvage remains a kind of oddity in anthropological
literature. His view is a re-hash of the Adamic state of existence in harmony
with all nature.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamic_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_language
We can interpret Joseph Campbell's view of mythology in the same
romantic vein as Rousseau. ->campbell_work
->campbell_comparison
In Germany, the best known improvisator of this view is Karl
May, in his romantic description of Winnetou. He didn't know
anything about the situation there, but so much richer was his phantasy. This
is Rousseau Originalton: The innate "goodness" of mankind.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetou
According
to Karl May's story, first-person narrator Old Shatterhand encounters
the Apache Winnetou, and
after initial dramatic events, a true friendship arises between them; ... It
portrays a belief in an innate "goodness" of mankind, albeit
constantly threatened by ill-intentioned enemies. Nondogmatic Christian
feelings and values play an important role, and May's heroes are often
described as German Americans.
Rousseau's view that culture and civilization is a corrupting agent
is now widely dismissed. We can contrast his view with that of Thomas Hobbes,
who stated the exact opposite: Only culture, civilization, and government can
in some ways ameliorate the brutish condition of pre-civilized humanity.
When we view the social structure of Chimpanzee and Baboon societies, we come
to some sobering conclusions.
https://www.chimpworlds.com/chimpanzee-social-structure/
https://www.mpg.de/11264242/chimpanzees-bonobos-conflicts-social-structures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)
The work concerns the structure of society and
legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most
influential examples of social contract theory.[6] Leviathan ranks
as a classic Western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli's The Prince.
Written during the English Civil War (1642–1651), Leviathan argues
for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign.
Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ("the war of all against all")
could only be avoided by strong, undivided government.
...
Part I: Of Man
Hobbes begins his treatise on politics with an account
of human nature. He presents an image of man as matter in motion, attempting to
show through example how everything about humanity can be explained
materialistically, that is, without recourse to an incorporeal, immaterial soul
or a faculty for understanding ideas that are external to the human mind.
Hobbes proceeds by defining terms clearly and unsentimentally. Good and evil
are nothing more than terms used to denote an individual's appetites and
desires, while these appetites and desires are nothing more than the tendency
to move toward or away from an object. Hope is nothing more than an appetite
for a thing combined with an opinion that it can be had. He suggests that the
dominant political
theology of
the time, Scholasticism,
thrives on confused definitions of everyday words, such as incorporeal
substance, which for Hobbes is a contradiction in terms.
Rousseau's eternal and un-surpassed contribution to anthropology will
surely be his exegesis of masturbation:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201710/brief-history-masturbation
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0031-806X.00018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_masturbation
The
18th-century philosopher Jean-Jacques
Rousseau saw
masturbation as equal to 'mental rape', and discussed it in both Émile and Confessions. He argued that it
was the corrupting influence of society that led to such unnatural acts as
masturbation and that humans living a simple life amidst nature would never do
such things.[citation
needed]
This
continued well into the Victorian Era, where such
medical censure of masturbation was in line with the widespread social conservatism and
opposition to open sexual behavior common at the time.[30][31] In
1879, Mark Twain wrote a
speech titled Some
Thoughts on the Science of Onanism which he
ended with the words:
Of
all the various kinds of sexual intercourse, this has the least to recommend
it. As an amusement it is too fleeting; as an occupation it is too wearing; as
a public exhibition there is no money in it. It is unsuited to the drawing
room, and in the most cultured society it has long since been banished from the
social board…
So,
in concluding, I say: If you must gamble away your life sexually, don’t play a
Lone Hand too much.
When
you feel a revolutionary uprising in your system, get your Vendome Column down
some other way — don’t jerk it down.
Twain, Mark (1879). Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism (Speech).
Stomach Club. Paris, France.
There
were recommendations to have boys' trousers constructed so that the genitals
could not be touched through the pockets, for schoolchildren to be seated at
special desks to prevent their crossing their legs in class and for girls to be
forbidden from riding horses and bicycles because the sensations these
activities produce were considered too similar to masturbation. Boys and young
men who nevertheless continued to indulge in the practice were branded as
"weak-minded."[32] Many
"remedies" were devised, including eating a bland, meatless diet.
This approach was promoted by Dr. John
Harvey Kellogg (inventor
of corn flakes) and Rev. Sylvester Graham (inventor of Graham crackers).[33]
http://www.johnbyronkuhner.com/2009/06/the-confessions-of-jean-jacques-rousseau/
The
Confessions Of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Rousseau
begins his Confessions with a most
daring preface, which it is well to offer here to the reader:
I
have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once
complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a
portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be
myself.
Simply
myself. I know my own heart and understand my fellow man. But I am
made unlike any one I have ever met; I will even venture to say that I am like
no one in the whole world. I may be no better, but at least I am
different. Whether Nature did well or ill in breaking the mould in which
she formed me, is a question which can only be resolved after the reading of my
book. (1.1; the first number refers to book, second to page)
As
with much of this work, because it is honest, there is an embarrassment of
riches here to analyze. His concept of “nature;” his need to be “at least
different;” and his proof that he is different, by attempting something
unprecedented and inimitable. All of these are crucial aspects of his
personality, and all revealed in the literary portrait he commissioned himself
to write.
As
for the question of imitators, while it cannot be said that he has had none, it
should be said that he has had too few good ones. Besides Goethe’s Dichtung und Wahrheit, I do not know of any
autobiographies that can match Rousseau’s for interest, style, or
profundity. Memoirs are usually written by people considered important by
the world, and they take as their theme the doings and personages their
importance gave them access to; but Rousseau truly attempted what he described,
a portrait of himself, and on reading it you do not always feel admiration for
the author, but you always feel that you are seeing him as he really
was. Such is the power of Rousseau’s honesty and eloquence.
Let
us deal immediately with the most unusual and notorious aspect of his
autobiography, his frankness about sexuality. In his youth, almost every
event in Rousseau’s life appears to be motivated by some woman’s bosom or
hair. He is almost walking proof of Goethe’s dictum “The eternal-feminine
draws us on.” We all know the power of sexual attraction, how often it
determines where we live, what job we accept, or where we spend our free hours;
and so it was for Rousseau.
...
The
above story of a “little girl” serving as a personal prostitute and handling
three young men one after the other is not unusually direct within this
narrative, which includes: frequent reference to masturbation; a period where
Rousseau himself routinely exposed himself to women on the streets; an
encounter with a man who wants to masturbate with him; an arrangement to
maintain a twelve-year-old girl in exchange for sex once her development had
reasonably progressed; a man who attempts to molest him and finally ejaculates
at him; defending himself against the advances of a homosexual priest; and
others. Many of these are minor episodes, but are valuable for their
picture of a basically unchanging human sexuality. But others, such as his
description of losing his virginity to an older female friend, and the
psychological analysis surrounding it, are liable to make the reader long for
more such intelligent, honest accounts of what must be a significant concern of
any person’s life.
These
episodes are also made much more charming by Rousseau’s treatment, which is
worth commenting on. While he is very frank and hardly flinches from
telling the truth of his sexual life, he is simultaneously a great master of
euphemism, so that a child might read his book and never know what was
happening. So when he talks of periods of abstinence, he notes that he did
avail himself of “the compensatory vice” (masturbation). He describes with
glowing warmth his love-friendship for Madame de Warens, who had sex with all
of her friends, and when she makes a new friend he says, “in order to attach
him to herself she used every means she thought likely to be effective, not
omitting the one in which she placed most reliance” (6.249). This is what
periphrasis is about, charming and honest at the same time.
https://monoskop.org/images/8/8e/Derrida_Jacques_Of_Grammatology_1998.pdf
This complements the results of the dissertation of the present author:
http://www.noologie.de/desn23.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn23.htm#Heading117
Derrida's work Of Grammatology is one of the profoundest
philosophical criticisms of logocentrism, the idea of a transcendental
meaning, which is the Saussurean signified, and the insidious
problems of alphabetic writing systems. One can dissolve the superficial
paradox, that alphabetic writing seems to present a double encoding, from:
"meaning" -> "spoken word" -> "written
phonetic letters". And vice versa.
[See the quote by Hendricks, below: "referentiality more subtle
than in the linguistic, theological concept of the sign".]
The solution becomes quite simple when we look "under the
hood" what "meaning" is made of: It is a neuronal excitation
structure in the matrix of the brain. This makes the neuronal excitation
structure equivalent to a written symbol. It is an inscription into the
living matter of the neurons. Derrida calls this the trace (la trace). It can
also be called the mental imagery, and people can employ this to do
quite complex manipulations in their imagination, without using spoken
words. See also: ->imagination_extra_lang
This is discussed more deeply in the following article:
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#extra_verb_phil
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#mental_image
Therefore, the translation of the neuronal excitation structure into
verbal sounds is a more or less arbitrary side track, and it is just a matter
of convenience and a product of the specific civilization group that invented
alphabetic writing. See also:
http://www.noologie.de/desn21.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn22.htm
The ideographic Chinese writing system provides the example to the
contrary: Here is no need to translate the neuronal structure into verbal
sounds, and the mental imagery translates itself easily: "meaning"
-> "written ideographic symbol". And vice versa.
Of course it is not all so simple, since we need different symbols for
each "concept of meaning" which necessitates around different 4.000
symbols for easy texts, and 40.000-80.000 symbols for scholarly works. This is
a heavy memory load. See also:
http://www.noologie.de/desn22.htm#Heading107
http://www.noologie.de/desn22.htm#CHINESE_ALTERN
But in the western alphabetic system, we also have to cope with the memory
load of as many different words one needs to know to write, for example, a
scholarly work. There we also need about 40.000-80.000 different words.
This is more information on Grammatology:
Mike Sutton:
Gavin P. Hendricks:
http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/vee/v37n1/50.pdf
p. 6:
Derrida’s
deconstruction of Western thinkers from Plato to Martin Heidegger attacks what
he calls ‘logocentrism’, the human habit of assigning truth to the biblical
Logos (Jn 1:1) or spoken language, the voice of Western reason, the Word of God
in the Johannine narrative. Derrida finds that logocentrism generates and
depends on a framework of two-term oppositions that are basic to Western
thinking and tradition, such as being/non-being, presence/absence, white/black
and oral/written. In the logocentric epistemological system, the first term of
each pair is the stronger (e.g. oral/written). Derrida (1976:11) is critical
about these hierarchical polarities and seeks to take language apart by
reversing their order and displacing them, and thus transforming each of these
privileged terms in the binary constructions by putting them in a slightly
different position within a word group or by substituting words in other
languages that look and sound alike but are different.
The
subject of Derrida’s discussion in Of Grammatology and the principle
source of his distress is the referential paradigm or centred linearity of
language. Text-centrism found its philosophical self-justification in the work
of Jacques Derrida. ... an uncompromising critique of logocentrism. He viewed
it as the root cause of logocentrism’s interpretive interest of the West.
Nowhere does he find referentiality more subtle than in the linguistic,
theological concept of the sign. The linguistic sign is defined by the
signifier and the signified. The signifier constitutes the visible marks
(written text) committed to stone, papyrus or paper, whereas the signified
refers to the so-called meaning we attach to them. The referential paradigm
treats the written language as exterior and the referents, signified as having
real meaning. This is for Derrida a principle of distress. The linguistic sign
is defined by the signifier and the signified. The signifier constitutes the
visible marks committed to paper and the signified is the so-called meaning we
attached to it (Derrida 1976:13). For Derrida, the Western tradition – from
Plato to Stoicism, Augustine’s to Ferdinand Saussure’s linguistic sign is
defined by the signifier and signified and the transcendental to meaning
attached to the text which privilege speech over writing. The ‘signifier’
constitutes written or visible words on paper, whereas the ‘signified’ refers
to the meaning we attached to it (Kelber 1990:123).
Jacques
Derrida’s grammatological critique of logocentrism is strongly influenced
through his Jewish background by the oral Torah (dabhar), which results in a
contention between the word as text (signifier) and the word in space
(signified), the metaphysics of presence (time and space) in the construction
of meaning and representation of text. Logocentrism, ‘[i]n the beginning was
the Word’ (Jn 1:1), is the belief that knowledge is rooted in a primeval
language given by God to humans. God (or the other transcendental signifier:
the Idea, the great Spirit, the Self, etc.) acts as a foundation for all of our
thought, language and actions. Logos is the truth whose manifestation is in the
world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida
During
his career Derrida published more than 40 books, together with hundreds of
essays and public presentations. He had a significant influence upon the humanities and social sciences, including
philosophy, literature, law,[9][10][11] anthropology,[12]historiography,[13] applied
linguistics,[14] sociolinguistics,[15] psychoanalysis and political theory.
His
work retains major academic influence throughout continental
Europe, South America and all other
countries where continental
philosophy has been
predominant, particularly in debates around ontology, epistemology (especially
concerning social sciences), ethics, aesthetics, hermeneutics, and the philosophy
of language. In the Anglosphere, where analytic
philosophy is dominant, Derrida's
influence is most presently felt in literary studies due to his
longstanding interest in language and his association with prominent literary
critics from his time at Yale. He also
influenced architecture (in the form
of deconstructivism), music,[16] art,[17] and art criticism.[18]
Particularly in his later writings,
Derrida addressed ethical and political themes in his work. Some critics
consider Speech and Phenomena (1967) to be his most important work. Others cite: Of Grammatology (1967), Writing and Difference (1967), and Margins of Philosophy (1972). These
writings influenced various activists and political movements.[19] He became a well-known and influential public figure, while his
approach to philosophy and the notorious abstruseness of his work made him
controversial.[19][20]
(This is work in progress, to be continued)
The Structuralistic Theory of Claude Levi-Strauss is based on a system
of oppositional pairs, which is derived from Saussure. Behind this is a
theory-model of French Rationalism, which is in turn based on the Philosophy of
Descartes. Behind this model in turn is the age-old Dualism of Zoroastrian,
Manichaean, and Abrahamitic thought. The discussion of Dualism was a main
subject in the work of the present author. Dualism is a method of
Categorization, which is in turn based on Aristotelian Logics. Something is
either A or it is Not-A. So the whole world can be subdivided in an immense
hierarchical system of binary distinctions.
The present author seeks to find an alternative model of meaning, which
is not based on polar oppositions, but on dynamic semantic tension fields. A
physical analogy would be a quantum wave state, which can assume any number of
quantum positions, and becomes readable only when the quantum wave function
collapses. There are many difficulties even to put this idea in a terminology
that can be understood by present-day thinkers of the Aristotelian model. There
needs to be some more development of this theory of mind and consciousness.
Here are some of the prior attempts of the present author to present this:
http://www.noologie.de/noo01.htm
"Noologie
und das Spannungsfeld von Liebe, Wissen und Macht"
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading13
Das "Design in Spannungsfeldern"
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading15
Das Bedeutungsfeld der Noologie, ein
Struktur- / Transformations-System des Noos
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading18
Die Spannungsfelder der Noologie
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading34
Das Semantische Feld, Spirit, Geist, Mind, Vernunft, etc.
More approaches are formulated in this work:
Die Kultur-Mythen-Analyse und Ethno-Kybernetik
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#_Toc27324846
Die Denk-Technik der semantischen
Spannungsfelder
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#_Toc27324871
Die Noo-Griechischen Semantik-Rhizome der
Noologie
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#_Toc27324873
Die Phono-Semantische Logik der Noologie
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#_Toc27324899
Die SUB-OBJ-SEM Triade
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#_Toc27324834
Appendix VI: Of Phonosemantics and Fuzzy Categorization
Ecological Anthropology is the study of the interactions of societies
with their ecological environment, either how they are influenced by it, how
they influence it. In the extreme cases, when their actions are destructive,
this can lead to serious degradation of it, which in turn threatens the
survival of these societies. This has been treated by Jared Diamond in his
books "Guns, Germs, and Steel" and "Collapse: How Societies
Choose to Fail or Succeed" and "Upheaval". His anthropological
research is a side-track career and therefore somewhat controversial in the
anthropology community. Nevertheless, his works are very popular. Therefore
they are also mentioned here.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#diamondguns
The youtube search gives all the relevant entries.
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jared+Diamond+
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond
After graduation from Cambridge,
Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, and, in 1968, became a professor of physiology
at UCLA Medical School. While in his twenties he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands. Later, in his
fifties, Diamond developed a third career in environmental history and became a professor of geography at UCLA, his current position.[7] He also teaches at LUISS Guido Carli in Rome.[8] He won the National Medal of Science in 1999[9] and Westfield State University granted him an honorary doctorate in 2009.
Diamond originally specialized in salt absorption in
the gall bladder.[6][10] He
has also published scholarly works in the fields of ecology and ornithology,[11] but
is arguably best known for authoring a number of popular-science books
combining topics from diverse fields other than those he has formally studied.
Because of this academic diversity, Diamond has been described as a polymath.[12][13]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_anthropology
Ecological anthropology is a
sub-field of anthropology and is
defined as the "study of cultural
adaptations to
environments".[1] The sub-field
is also defined as, "the study of relationships between a population of
humans and their biophysical
environment".[2] The focus of
its research concerns "how cultural beliefs and practices
helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how people used
elements of their cultureto maintain
their ecosystems".[1] Ecological
anthropology developed from the approach of cultural ecology, and it provided
a conceptual
framework more suitable
for scientific
inquiry than the
cultural ecology approach.[3] Research
pursued under this approach aims to study a wide range of human responses
to environmental
problems.[3]
...
One of the leading practitioners within this sub-field
of anthropology was Roy Rappaport.
He delivered many outstanding works on the relationship between culture and the
natural environment in which it grows, especially concerning the role of ritual in
the processual relationship between the two. He conducted the majority, if not
all, of his fieldwork amongst a group known as the Maring,
who inhabit an area in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.[2]
The deepest metaphysical foundation of all thought is whether we view
the world as a collection of things or objects (also called objectivism), or
whether we view it as a maelstroem of processes. The majority of Western
philosophy and science tends to some variation of objectivism. [See also the
comment in that section ->objectivism1 ]. Partly this is due to the
influence of Platonism, which is an idealism, and this supposes that there are
eternally invariable ideas of anything that exists, even though it is
hard to imagine where such a repository of ideas may be located. Ideas are
wholly transcendental, since they cannot exist anywhere in the material
universe. The Christian theology is modeled after the Platonic idealism,
postulating that all ideas reside with a transcendental, omniscient and omnipotent
God. There is a psychological reason for this kind of idealism, since it gives
the poor human soul a consolation of something stable in an otherwise quite
chaotic universe. Jordan Peterson discusses this need for emotional stability
in his book "Maps of Meaning". All human societies try to construct
frameworks of stability for the individuals where they can find orientation and
value. ->peterson1
->maps_meaning
This is the background of the mythology that Peterson refers to. A
criticism of his method is that he leans heavily on the patriarchal model,
which is typical for Abrahamitic religion, but also many other important
civilizations of humanity.
There is a diametrically opposed metaphysics, which interprets the world
as a system of processes. This is associated with the philosophy of
Heraklitos, even though there are so few fragments remaining of his work, that
it is almost impossible to derive a consistent theory from it. So there are many
workers who have derived many quite divergent systems from those bits and
pieces. The best known of these is Nietzsche, and Goethe's treatment of
Mephistopheles in his Faust also leans heavily on these ideas. A lesser known
interpretation is that of Oswald Spengler, who wrote his doctoral thesis on
Heraklitos.
Reden und Aufsätze: Heraklit, eine Studie über den energetischen Grundgedanken seiner Philosophie.
http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Spengler,+Oswald/Reden+und+Aufs%C3%A4tze/Heraklit
See also: ->logos_heraklit
->nietzsche_heraklit
Whitehead's work "Process and Reality" also enlarges on the
Heraklitean idea of Process, but with a different emphasis on the world as a
"system of societies". Lastly, the Buddhist philosophy is also
based on a metaphysics of impermanence.
These aspects are being dealt with by the present author in his
dissertation: "Design und Zeit".
http://www.noologie.de/desn07.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn08.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn09.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn11.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn16.htm
http://www.noologie.de/desn17.htm
The present discussion seeks to find new avenues to evaluate the metaphysics
of process. The Abrahamitic mythology has presently a difficult stance in
today's scientific world. As was said above, there is a deep psychological
reason why humans like to have a nice, cosy, predictable and stable world
around them. It is the foremost task of societies to construct such an
environment. But there are many occasions when the fabric of culture that a
society has constructed, is disturbed by outside forces, be it gradual or
catastrophic natural occurrences, diseases, or human enemies. Again, Peterson
discusses this at length. On the other hand, the human neuronal system is
evolutionally geared towards a particular acuity for processes. So, everything
that seems (more or less) static in the human environment, can be relegated as
background, and judged not so important. But everything that causes sudden
changes is of vital survival importance. Peterson demonstrates this with his example
of something that moves in the leaves, which could be the sign of a danger
approaching. Human peripheral vision is especially acute for such movements.
The human nervous system is not only very good at differentiating static
patterns but also dynamic ones. A decisive factor for this detection capacity
is human memory, and the human cultural memory. This is called the CMS or Cultural
Memory System in the dissertation of the present author. In most ancient
societies, this was encoded in mythology, and only in more recent civilizations
there arose a more-or-less science of history. It always needs to be noted that
history is dependent on records that are mostly written down by some palace
scribes or record-keepers with a quite specific agenda and that was mostly not
to provide an objective and impartial account for posterity. This has been
treated in the dissertation of the present author, in the above chapters. This
is the development of Morphology. The english term pattern is
equivalent to the Greek Morphae, in German: Gestalt. Gregory
Bateson had coined the term Metapattern, or a pattern that connects
patterns. There are also patterns of movement or change, and from this is
derived the term Meta-Morphology. It is the systematics of changes of
patterns. Quite everything in nature follows some pattern and metapattern.
It is the rhythm of day and night, the rhythm of the moon which guides human
fertility, and most marine life reproduction, then the rhythms of the seasons,
and so on. The ancient civilizations of the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, the
Greeks, the Indian and Chinese, all constructed their cosmologies around such
patterns, and they also found the patterns of the movements of the polar stars
in the sky, the precession of the equinoxes. ->dechend1 ->dechend2
This has been dealt with in the article on the mythology surrounding the
"Ring" of Richard Wagner.
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.pdf
Lev Gumilev was a historian in the former USSR who had developed a quite
unique theory of culture with his concepts of the "ethnos" and
"passionarnost" (passionary drive). He was leaning heavily on
Vernadsky's work of the biosphere. The english text of Gumilev's work is with a
few additional hypertext links on the noologie server:
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9RlcLNaYBQ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Reflection on history №24. Lev Gumilev. In spite of everything
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfFwnupgQp8 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
"Introduction" to Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere (1978, eng.
trans. 1990) by L. Gumilyov
This corresponds to:
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe0.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbDkaJLQpss [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Chapter 1 (Part 1) of Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere (1978, eng. trans.
1990) by L. Gumilyov
This corresponds to:
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe1.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XMMH8TvhvQ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Chapter 2 (Part 1) of Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere (1978, eng. trans.
1990) by L. Gumilyov
This corresponds to:
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe2a.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oKYxAAkbGI [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Chapter 2 (Part 2) of Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere (1978, eng. trans.
1990) by L. Gumilyov
This corresponds to:
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe2b.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Gumilev's main theoretical foundation is spelled out in the
introduction:
Gumilev: Mankind as the species 'Homo sapiens':
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe0.htm#_Toc351821464 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Gumilev's definition of the concept 'ethnos':
http://www.noologie.de/gumilev/ebe0.htm#_Toc351821465 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
There are a few comments on Gumilev in this article:
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#gumilev1 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
The present author has enlarged on the concepts of Gumilev in the
following work:
Habitus, Moral, Ethik und Ethos, Ethnos und Ethnie:
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#ethnos_ethnie [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Lev Gumilev: The Passionary Theory of Ethnogenesis:
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#gumilev_passionary [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Here is a significant quote:
Es sollen also die kleinen aber
signifikanten Unterschiede behandelt werden, zwischen Moral, Ethos, und Ethik,
sowie zwischen Ethnie und Ethnos und dem Super-Ethnos. Es geht um die
grundlegenden Konzepte der Verhaltens- und Wertegemeinschaften von Ethnien.
Nennen wir es so:
Die beobachtbaren Verhaltens-Strukturen
von Ethnien sind ihr Habitus, und
ihre Werte-Vorstellungs-Strukturen
sind ihre Moral, ihr Ethos, bzw. ihre Ethik.
gr.: ethos := Gewohnheit, Brauch,
Sitte
Das Wort Ethos hat NICHTS mit dem
Begriff zu tun, der in der soziobiologischen Ethologie vorkommt. Das sind zwei
völlig verschiedene Welten. Die genauen Unterscheidungen werden im weiteren
Text gemacht.
Der Habitus (engl. habits)
einer Ethnie ist alles, was man beobachten kann, also ihr Verhalten, ihre
Bräuche und Rituale, sowie ihre materiellen Kulturgüter. Das war das
Haupt-Arbeitsgebiet der Kultur-Anthropologie bzw. derr Ethnologie. Soweit hat
man in diesen Fachbereichen eine ungeheure Menge Material angesammelt. Dazu
gibt es eine tiefgehende Untersuchung in "Design und Zeit".
http://www.noologie.de/desn.htm
...
Was aber viel schwieriger zu
erkennen und erforschen ist, das sind ihre unsichtbaren Strukturen, die
Vorstellungs-Systeme, Wertesysteme, Tabu-Systeme, Moral, Ethos und Ethik.
Darüber geht die folgende Diskussion. Ich nenne diesen Forschungsbereich auch
die theoretische Kultur-Anthropologie, um ihn von der o.g. akademischen
Ethnologie abzusetzen. Peter Sloterdijk hat es auch so ähnlich formuliert: Die
theoretische Kulturwissenschaft ...
It is developed further in this article that the Ethos
corresponds to another term: The Cultural Mythology. The Ethos is
often formulated in form of a mythology, and it doesn't even need to be
explicitly verbalized, and need not even be known consciously to the people of
an Ethnos who share this common "frame of mind" or
"belief system". In contrast, an Ethik (or Ethics) is
explicitly formulated, mostly by philosophers, like Aristoteles and Kant. The
latter example shows that this is a nice philosophical construct, but
practically useless since no-one lives by such an ethics. The Cultural
Mythology is also a main theme of C.G. Jung, Joseph Campbell, and Jordan
Peterson.
This is an article on the anthroposophical www which bases its work on
Rudolf Steiner. The article is quite neutral and has no specific
anthroposophical content.
https://anthrowiki.at/Philosophische_Anthropologie
Since the work of Saussure, there have been many developments in the
field of Semiotics. Of particular interest for the present author are the works
of C.S. Peirce, and the Eastern European school, especially Lotman. He had coined the term Semiosphere, in
extension of the work of Vernadsky, biosphere and noosphere. (See
below). The dissertation of the present author also contains a discussion of
the Semiosphere, together with Systems Theory and related
buddhist concepts:
http://www.noologie.de/desn16.htm
Wilfried Noeth and Roland Posener have
also given some up-to-date summaries of the field.
http://sjschmidt.net/konzepte/texte/noeth.htm
Noeth,
W.: Handbuch der Semiotik, Metzler, Stuttgart (1985)
Roland Posener gives an introduction to
culture from the Semiotic view:
https://www.semiotik.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/fg150/Posner-Texte/Posner_Was_ist_Kultur.pdf
The work of Peirce, especially his triadic categories has been discussed
here:
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#peirce_triad
The following text gives a more in-depth description of Peirce's
Semiotics, and especially the difference to Saussure's definition.
https://www.siefkes.de/dokumente/Siefkes_Die%20graphische_Logik_von_Charles_S_Peirce.pdf
P. 4:
Der Interpretant steht zwischen
Repräsentamen und Objekt, er stellt die Beziehung zwischen ihnen her. Dabei
geht Peirce von der Rolle des Interpreten aus: Er verweist darauf, dass erst
eine bestimmte Information in einem Gehirn die Interpretation eines Zeichens
möglich macht; diese nennt Peirce den Interpretant des Zeichens. Dabei kann es
sich um eine spontane Assoziation handeln (Erstheit: eine Möglichkeit), um eine spezifische Erinnerung (Zweitheit:
ein Einzelfaktum), oder um ein Wissen über allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten
(Drittheit: eine Regel).
P 5:
Der Interpretant stellt nun die
Information, die ein einzelner Zeichenbenutzer über ein Symbol hat, dar; diese
Information kann sich von der konventionellen Information, die für die große
Mehrheit der Zeichenbenutzer charakteristisch ist, unterscheiden. Es leuchtet
ein, dass sich dadurch für unterschiedliche Zeichenbenutzer unterschiedliche
Objekte ergeben. Hier zeigt sich der große Vorteil der Zeichendefinition von
Peirce gegenüber der von Saussure: Sie ist in der Lage, das Verständnis eines
Symbols bei verschiedenen Zeichenbenutzern als unterschiedlich, aber in
wesentlichen Punkten übereinstimmend zu erklären. Kurz angemerkt sei, dass sie
daher dem Widerspruch vieler Poststrukturalisten gegen das zu statische
Saussuresche Zeichenmodell nicht unterliegt, ohne diesen Vorteil durch den
Verzicht auf eine präzise Beschreibung der Zeichenfunktion zu erkaufen.
The book by Umberto Eco with the strange title "Kant und das
Schnabeltier" is a good summary of his prior work, even though he deals
with C.S. Peirce and the Eastern European school only cursorily. This work has
been discussed at length in the article of the present author:
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#eco_sein
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#eco_struktur
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#eco_cognitive
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#eco_mythologik
Literature
on Umberto Eco:
Eco, Umberto: Kant und das Schnabeltier, Carl Hanser Verlag, München (2000)
ISBN 9783446198692
https://www.perlentaucher.de/buch/umberto-eco/kant-und-das-schnabeltier.html
"Was hat Kant mit einem
Schnabeltier zur tun? Nichts." So beginnt Umberto Eco sein neues Buch.
Zwanzig Jahre nach seinen großen Studien zur Semiotik, zieht Eco darin die
Summe seiner wissenschaftlichen Forschungen. Entstanden ist dabei sein
theoretisches Hauptwerk, das die Antwort auf eine der ältesten philosophischen
Fragen liefert: Wie unterscheidet der Mensch die Dinge, die er sieht? ...
Rezensionsnotiz zu Süddeutsche
Zeitung, 22.03.2000
Albert von Schirnding scheint sich
ein bisschen gequält zu haben mit diesem Buch, in dem der Autor des Romans
"Der Name der Rose" auf sein akademisches Stammgebiet der
Zeichenlehre, auch Semiotik genannt, zurückgekehrt ist. Der Rezensent weist dabei
die Verlagswerbung zurück, dass es sich bei dem Buch um eine "Summe"
im Sinne einer überwölbenden, zusammenfassenden Darstellung von Ecos Ideen zur
Disziplin handele. "Kant und das Schnabeltier" setze zwar Ecos
Klassiker "Trattato di semiotica generale" fort, aber indem es an
Einzelaspekte und -probleme anknüpfe. Schirnding spricht von
"Dickicht" und "Begriffsakrobatik", um den Gestus dieser
Wissenschaft zu kennzeichnen - und je mehr Eco versuche, bestimmte Probleme im
Verhältnis von Zeichen und Bezeichneten oder auch - nach Heidegger - von Sein
und Seiendem zu klären, desto mehr verstricke er sich darin. Um so mehr
gefallen Schirnding die kleinen Geschichten, die Eco als "mentale
Experimente in narrativer Form" einstreut. Dazu scheint auch die von Kant
und dem Schnabeltier zu gehören - der späte Kant habe sich darüber Gedanken
gemacht, wie dieses "eierlegende Säugetier mit Schnabel" genau zu
klassifizieren sei.
Eco, Umberto: Einführung in die Semiotik. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München (1972)
Eco, Umberto: Zeichen, Einführung in einen Begriff und seine Geschichte. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt (1977)
Eco, Umberto: Semiotik und Philosophie der Sprache. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München (1985)
Eco, Umberto: Semiotik, Entwurf einer Theorie der Zeichen. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München (1987)
Eco, Umberto: Die Suche nach der vollkommenen Sprache, C.H. Beck, München (1993)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Lotman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiosphere
Semiosphere is the sphere of semiosis in which sign processes operate in the set of all interconnected Umwelten. The concept was coined by Yuri Lotman in 1984 and is now applied to many fields, including cultural
semiotics generally, biosemiotics, zoosemiotics, geosemiotics, etc. The concept is treated more fully in
the collection of Lotman's writings published in English under the title
"Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture"(1990)
Discussion
Juri Lotman, a semiotician at Tartu University, Estonia, was inspired by Vladimir Vernadsky's terms biosphere and noosphere to propose that a semiosphere comes into being when any two Umwelten are communicating.[clarification needed] Later, Jesper Hoffmeyer suggested a variation to the effect that the community of organisms occupying the semiosphere will inhabit a "semiotic niche". This implies that the semiosphere may be partially independent
of the Umwelten. Kalevi Kull argues that this suggestion is not consistent with the nature of
semiosis which can only be a product of the behaviour of the organisms in the
environment. It is the organisms that create the signs which become the
constituent parts of the semiosphere. This is not an adaptation to the existing
environment, but the continuous creation of a new environment. Kull believes
that it is only possible to accept Hoffmeyer's view as an analogy to the
concept of an ecological niche as it is traditionally used in biology, so that the community develops according to the semiotic understanding
of the processes which are responsible for the building of Umwelt.
An important focus of the present work is the Deep Structure of
Mythology. This can also be called the "Structure of the Collective
Unconscious" in Jungian Terminology. The best known collectors
and interpreters of mythology were James George Frazer with the Golden Bough
and Mircea Eliade:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Bough
Frazer attempted
to define the shared elements of religious belief and scientific thought,
discussing fertility rites, human
sacrifice, the dying
god, the scapegoat, and many other symbols and
practices whose influences had extended into 20th-century culture.[2] His thesis is that old religions were fertility
cults that revolved around the worship and periodic sacrifice of a sacred
king. Frazer proposed that mankind
progresses from magic through religious
belief to scientific thought.[2]
Frazer's thesis
was developed in relation to J. M.
W. Turner's painting of The Golden
Bough, a sacred grove where a certain tree grew day and night. It was a
transfigured landscape in a dream-like vision of the woodland lake of Nemi, "Diana's Mirror", where religious
ceremonies and the "fulfillment of vows" of priests and kings were
held.[3]
The king was the
incarnation of a dying and reviving god, a solar
deity who underwent a mystic
marriage to a goddess of the Earth. He died at the
harvest and was reincarnated in the spring. Frazer claims that this legend of
rebirth is central to almost all of the world's mythologies.
...
Frazer wrote in a preface to the third edition
of The Golden Bough that while he had never studied Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,
his friend James Ward, and the philosopher J. M. E. McTaggart,
had both suggested to him that Hegel had anticipated his view of "the
nature and historical relations of magic and religion".
...
The Golden Bough scandalized the British public when first published, as it
included the Christian story of the resurrection of Jesus in its comparative study. Critics thought this treatment invited
an agnostic reading of the Lamb of God as a relic of a pagan religion. For the third edition, Frazer placed his analysis of
the Crucifixion in a speculative appendix; the discussion of Christianity was excluded from the single-volume abridged edition.[5][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade#The_general_nature_of_religion
The general nature of religion
In
his work on the history of religion, Eliade is most highly regarded for his
writings on Alchemy,[81] Shamanism, Yoga and what he
called the eternal
return — the implicit
belief, supposedly present in religious thought in general, that religious
behavior is not only
an imitation of, but also a participation in, sacred events, and thus restores
the mythical time of origins. Eliade's thinking was in part influenced by Rudolf Otto, Gerardus
van der Leeuw, Nae Ionescu and the
writings of the Traditionalist
School (René Guénon and Julius Evola).[37] For instance,
Eliade's The Sacred and the Profane partially builds on
Otto's The Idea of the Holy to show how
religion emerges from the experience of the sacred, and myths of time and
nature.
Eliade
is known for his attempt to find broad, cross-cultural parallels and unities in
religion, particularly in myths. Wendy Doniger, Eliade's
colleague from 1978 until his death, has observed that "Eliade argued
boldly for universals where he might more safely have argued for widely
prevalent patterns".[82] His Treatise
on the History of Religions was praised by French philologist Georges
Dumézil for its coherence
and ability to synthesize diverse and distinct mythologies.[83]
Robert
Ellwood describes Eliade's approach to religion as follows. Eliade approaches
religion by imagining an ideally "religious" person, whom he
calls homo religiosus in his writings. Eliade's theories
basically describe how this homo religiosus would view the
world.[84] This does not
mean that all religious practitioners actually think and act like homo
religiosus. Instead, it means that religious behavior "says through
its own language" that the world is as homo religiosus would
see it, whether or not the real-life participants in religious behavior are
aware of it.[85] However,
Ellwood writes that Eliade "tends to slide over that last
qualification", implying that traditional societies actually thought
like homo religiosus.[85]
In the present article, some more workers and their interpretation will
be considered: The work of Jordan Peterson about mythology as a system of value
and meaning ->peterson1, the work of Joseph Campbell ->campbell1, which shares a C.G. Jung
interpretation with that of Peterson, the work of Hertha v. Dechend (partly) as
encoding of archaeo-astronomy
->dechend1 ->dechend2 , the work of Claude Levi-Strauss ->myth_meaning.
The present work concentrates on the world of dreams and mental
imagery that eludes a discursive verbal expression. This is detailed in the
following paragraph on Imagination:
This is an area where verbal ethnographic description finds its limits.
(Like the thick description of Clifford Geertz).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_description
Many western anthropologists may have difficulty and cultural barriers
to enter subconscious and trance modes of experience. This is especially
relevant for the interpretation of mythology in connection with a re-formation
of character of some cultural heros. The relevant terms here are Metanoia,
Satori (in the Zen tradition), and Initiation, both can be
interpreted as neuronal events, of a fundamental re-organization
that affects brain functions on very deep levels, and beyond the purely verbal
conceptual level of the frontal cortex. The brain areas affected would be more
located in the Limbic System (Hippocampus / Amygdala).
https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/limbicsystem.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system
It supports a variety of functions
including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[2] Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it
critically aids the formation of memories.
These systems are responsible for guiding functions of value and
survival. Metanoia is a process that an individual experiences as coming from
within, whereas Initiation is mostly connected with a ritual setting that is
guided by members of a group who accept a novice as new member. The best known
incidence of Metanoia with possibly the greatest cultural consequences for
humanity may be that of the transmutation of mind of Saulus into St. Paulus. Another
well-known incidence would be the Satori of Gautama the Buddha. This has been
dealt with in more depth in the dissertation of the present author.
http://www.noologie.de/desn16.htm#Heading60
The Christian rite of baptism may also count as an instance of
initiation, even though it has no precondition of an arduous preparation phase,
as with most other forms of initiation.
Jordan Peterson is one author who has provided an in-depth discussion of
the neuronal processes that (hypothetically) are connected with these
phenomena.
The present author views (some aspects of) Mythology as an a priori
system that is an underlying belief structure of some coherent group (like
an ethnos in the system of Gumilev ->gumilev1). This underlying structure
provides a framework of how people find meaning and value in the world they
live in and how they maintain their societies. In the European / US West, in
the times before the French Revolution, the common Christian
moral/ethic/societal framework would be the underlying mythology of these
otherwise quite diverse peoples.
The next step will be to formulate a Theoretical Anthropology of
Mythology, taking into account the contributions of the abovementioned
workers. The theme of passionarnost of Gumilev ->gumilev1 is directly comparable to the Hero's
Journey of Campbell and Peterson, it is that peculiar
characteristic of the Culture Heros. Another central theme of mythology
is that of imagination. In the following article it is discussed that
imagination is precedent to language (and then more specifically rational
thought), and so imagination is also the language of mythology.
There is a very good illustration of this kind of imagination in the
following display:
Kunst der Vorzeit. Felsbilder aus der
Sammlung Frobenius
https://www.frobenius-institut.de/aktuelles/42-das-institut?start=11
This discussion focuses on the human ability to operate mental images.
To operate means not only to have such images, but being able to manipulate
them, like imagining the action of a piston in a car engine. The ability to do
this varies between people and with training, as the example of music (below)
demonstrates. This is described as Extra-Language Ability. Its specific
quality is that it is not bound to a spoken language. This has been mentioned
by Claude Levi-Strauss in "Myth and Meaning", in the chapter
"Myth and Music".
See: ->myth_meaning
A particular domain of mental imagery is dreams. Here we have whole
dramas occurring in our mental world as we sleep, and this is of great interest
to schools of psychology like the Freudian and the Jungian. There can be many
kinds of mental imagery, like visual images, moving images, musical images, and
even mathematical images. The capability for many kinds of imaging may be a
genetic facility and/or depends on training, for example: not every-one can
imagine music so well to compose music in their head. It is even known that
people can also have mental images of smell and taste. See this quote:
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm#geruch_geschmack
Weiterhin ist der Geruch ein
entscheidender Faktor der Gedächtnisbildung. Ein bestimmter Geruch kann ganz
plötzlich längst vergessene Erinnerungen, etwa aus der frühen Kindheit,
hervorrufen, wie der Geruch eines Brotes, oder einer bestimmten Sorte von
Keksen im Tee (Marcel Proust).[307]
Here is an anecdotal account: Stephen Hawking was able to do
mathematical transformations in visual imagination because he was paralyzed and
couldn't use the normal written formalisms any more.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#extra_verb_phil
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#mental_image
The ability to mentally manipulate images means that the motoric parts
of the brain are involved. The important ability to imagine motoric action is
stated by Jordan Peterson in "Maps of Meaning", p. 61-78. ->maps_meaning
->peterson1
->peterson_discuss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_image
A mental
image or mental picture is an experience that, on
most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of perceiving some
object, event, or scene, but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene
is not actually present to the senses.[1][2][3][4] There are
sometimes episodes, particularly on falling asleep (hypnagogic imagery) and waking up (hypnopompic), when the mental
imagery, being of a rapid, phantasmagoric and involuntary character, defies
perception, presenting a kaleidoscopic field, in which no distinct object can
be discerned.[5] Mental
imagery can sometimes produce the same effects as would be produced by the
behavior or experience imagined.[6]
The
nature of these experiences, what makes them possible, and their function (if
any) have long been subjects of research and controversy[further
explanation needed] in philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, and, more
recently, neuroscience. As contemporary
researchers[Like
whom?] use the
expression, mental images or imagery can comprise information from any source
of sensory input; one may experience auditory images,[7] olfactory
images,[8] and so forth.
However, the majority of philosophical and scientific investigations of the
topic focus upon visual mental imagery. It has sometimes been
assumed[by whom?] that, like
humans, some types of animals are capable of experiencing mental images.[9] Due to the
fundamentally introspective nature of the phenomenon, there is little to no
evidence either for or against this view.
Visual imagery is
the ability to create mental representations of things, people, and places that
are absent from an individual’s visual field. This ability is crucial to
problem-solving tasks, memory, and spatial reasoning.[47] Neuroscientists have
found that imagery and perception share
many of the same neural substrates,
or areas of the brain that
function similarly during both imagery and perception, such as the visual cortex and
higher visual areas. Kosslyn and colleagues (1999)[48] showed
that the early visual cortex, Area 17 and Area 18/19, is activated during
visual imagery. They found that inhibition of these areas through
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
resulted in impaired visual perception and imagery. Furthermore, research
conducted with lesioned patients has revealed that visual imagery and visual
perception have the same representational organization. This has been concluded
from patients in which impaired perception also experience visual imagery
deficits at the same level of the mental representation.[49]
...
Visualization and the Himalayan traditions
In general, Vajrayana Buddhism, Bön,
and Tantra utilize
sophisticated visualization or imaginal (in the language
of Jean Houston of Transpersonal
Psychology)
processes in the thoughtform construction
of the yidam sadhana, kye-rim,
and dzog-rim modes
of meditation and
in the yantra, thangka,
and mandala traditions,
where holding the fully realized form in the mind is a prerequisite prior to
creating an 'authentic' new art work that will provide a sacred support or
foundation for deity.[70][71]
The follwing article illuminates the situation of human mental imagery
in art and philosophy.
https://aeon.co/essays/imagination-is-such-an-ancient-ability-it-might-precede-language
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Imagination is intrinsic to our
inner lives. You could even say that it makes up a ‘second universe’ inside our
heads. We invent animals and events that don’t exist, we rerun history with
alternative outcomes, we envision social and moral utopias, we revel in fantasy
art, and we meditate both on what we could have been and on what we might
become. Animators such as Hayao Miyazaki, Walt Disney and the people at Pixar
Studios are masterful at imagination, but they’re only creating a public
version of our everyday private lives. If you could see the fantastic mash-up
inside the mind of the average five-year-old, then Star Wars and Harry Potter
would seem sober and dull. So, why is there so little analysis of imagination,
by philosophers, psychologists and scientists?
Apart from some cryptic passages in
Aristotle and Kant, philosophy has said almost nothing about imagination, and
what it says seems thoroughly disconnected from the creativity that artists and
laypeople call ‘imaginative’.
Aristotle described the imagination
as a faculty in humans (and most other animals) that produces, stores and
recalls the images we use in a variety of mental activities. Even our sleep is
energised by the dreams of our involuntary imagination. Immanuel Kant saw the
imagination as a synthesiser of senses and understanding. Although there are
many differences between Aristotle’s and Kant’s philosophies, Kant agreed that
the imagination is an unconscious synthesising faculty that pulls together
sense perceptions and binds them into coherent representations with universal
conceptual dimensions. The imagination is a mental faculty that mediates
between the particulars of the senses – say, ‘luminous blue colours’ – and the
universals of our conceptual understanding – say, the judgment that ‘Marc
Chagall’s blue America Windows (1977) is beautiful.’ Imagination, according to
these philosophers, is a kind of cognition, or more accurately a prerequisite
‘bundling process’ prior to cognition. Its work is unconscious and it paves the
way for knowledge, but is not abstract or linguistic enough to stand as actual
knowledge.
We’ve romanticised creativity so
completely that we’ve ended up with an impenetrable mystery inside our heads.
We might not literally believe in muse possession anymore, but we haven’t yet
replaced this ‘mysterian’ view with a better one. ...
This mysterian view of imagination
is vague and obscure, but at least it captures something about the de-centred
psychological state of creativity. Psychologists such as Mihaly
Csikszentmihalyi have celebrated this aspect of creativity by describing (and
recommending) ‘flow’ states, but the idea of ‘flow’ has proven little more than
a secular redescription of the mysterian view.
There is the task to get an understanding of the Mythology of Western
Scientific Culture, which is the mythology of objectivism, and can
also be called the metaphysics of objectivism. This was discussed under
the western system of episteme: ->objectivism1 ->objectivism2
This can be enlarged, that the mythological foundation of objectivism
is theological in nature and is a variation of the age-old theme of Dualism: The split between Matter vs. Spirit, Darkness
vs. Light, Sound vs. Sight (the Greek phos vs. phonae), Chaos
vs. (Law-and-)Order, the Female Materia vs. the "spiritual"
male essence. This was re-formulated so many times, from the Zoroastrian
Ahura Mazda / Ahriman duality, the Manichaean world view, as was
exemplified by St. Augustinus, who had remained a Manichaean even though
he overtly became a spiritus rector of Roman Catholic Christianity. And
by his influence Christianity also became thoroughly dualistic. The Gnostics
were equally dualistic, and the last remnants of those were the Kathars of
France. Umberto Eco had hinted at this in "Name of the Rose"
in the persons of the two Ketzer (Kathar) monks in his abbey.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#eco_rose
http://www.noologie.de/_extra.htm#ketzer_moench
Another variation of this philosophical theme is that of Platon who made
a dualistic distinction between the (false superficial) world of appearances
and the (true) world of the idea in the parable of the cave. The
Christian theology is more or less a re-formulation of this idealistic
system. There all the Real Truth lies with (or in) God. And this
re-appears again in the famous passage of Joh. 1.1: En Archae en ho Logos.
->en_archae ->aquinas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave
The allegory is probably related to
Plato's theory of Forms, according to which the "Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world known to us through sensation,
possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality.
The final culmination of dualism came with the philosophy of
Descartes. The problematic side of this philosophy is discussed here:
->descartes_problem ->french_rationalism
More backgound information on physicalism and objectivism
this is in the following article:
->physicalism_mind ->physicalism_scientific
This is from an article by Michael Oppitz:
https://www.frobenius-institut.de/veranstaltungen/frobenius-vortrag
https://www.frobenius-institut.de/images/stories/News/P52-02Oppi-027-050.pdf
P. 45:
Anstatt entsprechende
Spekulationen anzustellen, möchte ich zur Distribution mythischer Geschichten
an dieser Stelle drei Merksätze formulieren, von deren Verbindlichkeit ich mich
über die Jahre habe überzeugen können:
1. Mythen sind migrationsfreudig,
sie wandern über unvorhersehbare Distanzen, fast immer, ohne daß die Völker,
von denen sie stammen oder die sie passieren, selbst wanderten. Und sie wandern
zu unbekannten Zielen.
2. Mythen übersteigen alle
natürlichen Barrieren, schier unüberwindliche Bergketten, reissende Flüsse und
undurchdringliche Dschungel sind für sie keine Hindernisse.
3. Mythen machen nicht Halt vor
kulturellen Grenzen: selbst die oft angerufenen Barrieren von Sprachfamilien
überspringen sie ohne Behinderung, weil die schriftlosen Völker, die an solchen
grenzen leben, meist mehrsprachig sind, versiert in Sprachen nicht verwandter
Zugehörigkeit.
Der migratorische Erfolg einer
Geschichte hängt weitgehend von zwei Faktoren ab: ihrer Anpassungsfähigkeit und
ihrer erzählerischen Anziehungskraft. Gute Geschichten mit guten Pointen haben
gute Chancen, weitergetragen zu werden. Zur Anpassungsfähigkeit gehört die
Wandelbarkeit der Form.
P. 46:
So sind die Geschichten sowohl bei
den Völkern, von denen sie stammen wie auch unter der Feder der Völkerkundler,
die sie in ihrer Welt weitervermitteln, einem dauernden Prozeß der Veränderung ausgesetzt,
der Form und Inhalt gleichermaßen umgestaltet. Die unterschiedlichen
Textsorten, die dabei entstehen, werfen ihrerseits gewisse methodologische
Probleme auf, nicht zuletzt für den vergleichenden Mythenforscher, der, um
Inhalte zu vergleichen, auch vergleichbare Formen aus ungleichen Textsorten
schaffen muß.
Der vorliegende Text ist wesentlich eine Neufassung aus dem Wagner-Artikel des Autors:
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314091
Dies ist die www-Seite, auf der der englische Text von Hamlet's Mill liegt.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill.htm
Dies ist eine kurze Einführung in das Feld der vergleichenden Mythologie und der Archaeo-Astronomie nach Hertha von Dechend und Giorgio de Santillana. (Santillana wird nur formhalber als Co-Autor geführt). Hertha von Dechend beschreibt darin eine archaische Denkwelt, die in den Ur-Zeiten (also seit vielleicht 50.000 Jahren) in ähnlicher Form, und leicht variiert quer über die Kontinente, der Archaischen Menschheit, vorkam. Diese Archaische Denkwelt kennt man heute nur noch als Mythologie, also Fabeln und Märchen, aber nach ihrer Theorie ist es eine Codierung der Archaischen Oralen Tradition in einer Geheimsprache von wesentlichen lebens-wichtigen und spirituellen Informationen, u.a. von kosmischen Epochen oder der Vorstellungen von Seelen-Wanderungen in der Milchstrasse. Sie beschreibt das auch als eine "Maschine des Himmels". Insbesondere ist das die Präzession der Äquinoktien. Mit jeder Phase der Präzession gibt es auch eine neue (Umsturz-) Götterwelt. Diese Umstürze der Götterwelten sind auch ein Zentral-Thema des "Rings" von Wagner, aber in der Mythologie sind solche Umstürze überhaupt nichts Ungewöhnliches, denn die kommen periodisch immer wieder vor. Hier sind ein paar www-links mit weiterführenden Informationen zu dem Thema.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession#Alternative_discovery_theories
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_von_Dechend
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet%27s_Mill
Im Frobenius-Institut in Frankfurt liegt das zusätzliche Material, das Hertha von Dechend nach der Veröffentlichung von "Hamlet's Mill" in vielen Vorlesungs-Skripten erstellt hat.
https://www.frobenius-institut.de/en/
https://www.per-aspera-ad-astra.net/index.html
Die Archiv-Datenbank listet die Einträge, wenn man "Dechend" in das Suchfeld eingibt.
http://archiv.frobenius-katalog.de/rech.FAU?sid=1B8CAED31&dm=1&auft=0
Diese sind teilweise als .doc abgelegt oder als .pdf-files.
Hier ist eine ausführliche Besprechung und Widmung, die ich (AG) zu dem Werk von Hertha von Dechend geschrieben habe:
http://www.noologie.de/neuro04.htm
http://www.noologie.de/neuro05.htm
Es ist bezeichnend, dass zwischen der US-Veröffentlichung im Jahre 1969, und der deutschen Übersetzung 1993, ein Zeitraum von 24 Jahren liegt, bis ihre Arbeit auch in Deutschland zur Kenntnis genommen wurde. Interessanterweise aber nicht von den Kultur-Theoretikern und Ethnologen, sondern in der Reihe "Computerkultur" im Verlag Julius Springer, Wien. Obwohl die Theorien der Hertha von Dechend immer noch eher heterodox sind, mehren sich die Hinweise, dass die archaischen Kulturen in der Lage waren, solche astronomischen Kenntnisse zu erlangen und zu tradieren. Dies legt auch nahe, eine Neu-Bewertung des mythologischen Materials zu unternehmen. Wie es Hertha von Dechend in ihrem Vorwort (x) sagt:
Zuerst werden die Leute eine Sache
leugnen; dann werden sie sie verharmlosen; dann werden sie beschließen, sie sei
seit langem bekannt. (Die Stufe III ist mancherorts schon erreicht.)
Siehe dazu im Appendix des Wagner-Artikels: Vorwort: Hertha v. Dechend:
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314178
Es lassen sich folgende wesentliche Fragestellungen zu dem Thema aufstellen:
1) Was für einen Überlebens- bzw. Nach-Tod Sinn hatten solche mythologische Traditionen in den vielen verschiedenen Kulturen? Denn in fast allen diesen Traditionen spielt die Milchstrasse eine Rolle einer Aufstiegs-Leiter der Menschen-Seele zu einem völlig un-christlichen Himmel. Es ist daher verständlich, dass die wohlmeinenden christlichen Missionare alles taten, um diese Völker von solchem "Irrglauben" zu befreien.
2) Wie konnten hypothetischer-Weise diese Traditionen über viele Millennia aufrecht erhalten werden? und
3) Gab es in grauer Vorzeit so etwas wie einen trans-kontinentalen "Trade-of-Ideas? Wie erklären sich die Ähnlichkeiten dieser Mythologien? Dies ist insb. wichtig für die Frage von Diffusionismus.
Die Mythologien der Menschheit lassen sich nach verschiedenen theoretischen Ansätzen interpretieren. Hier als Beispiele:
Hier ist ein Artikel aus "Spektrum" (die meistens etwas aus "Scientific American" zitieren), von Julien d’Huy, der die vergleichende Mythologie auf etwas "modernere" Weise darstellt. Dies wird in dem folgenden Artikel beschrieben. Es handelt sich um statistische Methoden, mit denen die Mythen in Analogie zu der statistischen Abstammungs-Genetik analysiert werden. Siehe:
https://www.spektrum.de/news/die-urahnen-der-grossen-mythen/1376932
"Die Urahnen der großen Mythen"
Anthropologen und Ethnologen analysieren Märchen, Mythen und Sagen, um
Entwicklungslinien aufzudecken. Mit den Algorithmen von Genetikern verfolgen
sie die Evolution der "Mythenfamilien" bis in vorgeschichtliche
Zeit - und rekonstruieren deren Urformen.
...
Projektionsfläche Sternenhimmel
Dass Menschen am Sternenhimmel Gestalten wahrnehmen, ist eine Eigenheit
unseres kognitiven Systems, die wohl einen Überlebensvorteil bot: Wer ein im
Blattwerk des Urwalds verborgenes Raubtier ausmachte, konnte sich in Sicherheit
bringen. [AG: Siehe dazu das Reptilien-System im Gehirn, das von
Jordan Peterson beschrieben wird.] Dass manche
Kulturen andere Konstellationen mit den jeweiligen Beutetieren identifizierten,
verwundert nicht weiter. Interessant ist die bei allen Variationen auffallende
grundlegende Struktur: Ein Jäger verfolgt oder erlegt ein Tier; beide werden zu
Sternbildern. Viele Forscher betrachten daher die verschiedenen Erzählungen als
Vertreter einer weltweiten Mythenfamilie: der "Kosmischen Jagd".
...
Bleibt die Frage: Warum haben solche Erzählungen überhaupt eine derart
lange Tradition? Den griechischen Erzählern der drei Sagen war sicher nicht
bewusst, dass sie eine jahrtausendealte Überlieferung fortsetzten. Vermutlich
brachten Mythen einer Gesellschaft Vorteile, beispielsweise indem sie
Lebenserfahrungen weitergaben. Sicher halfen sie, der Welt eine Ordnung zu
geben und so existentielle Ängste zu lindern. Vielleicht dienten sie auch einem
viel einfacheren Drang des Menschen: die Welt zu verstehen.
Leider scheint Julien d’Huy keine Kenntnis von Hertha von Dechend zu haben. Auf eine email-Nachfrage kam (wie meistens im Uni-Betrieb) keine Antwort. Bei einer eingehenden Untersuchung der zitierten Literatur von Julien d’Huy (siehe die Researchgate-Artikel) wurde keine Referenz zu H. v. Dechend gefunden. Hier sind noch einige weiterführende Info's zu dem Spektrum-Artikel:
Der Autor ist Anthropologe am Centre d’études des mondes africains (UMR 8171) in Paris.
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27%C3%A9tudes_des_mondes_africains
https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/julien-d-huy/
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Julien_DHuy
Einige weitere Artikel aus dem Themen-Umkreis sind hier zu finden:
https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/aeltestes-kunstgewerbe/1029648
https://www.spektrum.de/news/ritzmuster-aelter-als-der-mensch/1322034
https://www.spektrum.de/thema/hoehlen-tore-zur-unterwelt/1479271
https://www.spektrum.de/news/aelteste-hoehlenmalereien-in-ostasien/1311775
https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/die-geburt-der-kreativitaet/1192440
https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/hoehlenkino-in-der-eiszeit/1191986
Mythenforschung nach Levi-Strauss
Levi-Strauss: Myth and Meaning
http://historiaocharkeologi.com/kanada/myth_and_meaning.pdf
https://moodle.lmu.de/mod/book/view.php?id=226747&chapterid=23172
Dies wird in dem betreffenden Artikel ausführlich behandelt.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralist_theory_of_mythology
In structural anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss, a French anthropologist, makes the claim that
"myth is language". Through approaching mythology as language,
Lévi-Strauss suggests that it can be approached the same way as language can be
approached by the same structuralist methods used to address language. Thus,
Lévi-Strauss offers a structuralist theory of mythology;[1] he clarifies,
"Myth is language, functioning on an especially high level where meaning
succeeds practically at 'taking off' from the linguistic ground on which it
keeps rolling."[2]
Overview
Lévi-Strauss
breaks down his argument into three main parts. Meaning is not isolated within
the specific fundamental parts of the myth, but rather within the composition
of these parts. Although myth and language are of similar categories, language
functions differently in myth. Finally, language in myth exhibits more complex
functions than in any other linguistic expression. From these suggestions, he
draws the conclusion that myth can be broken down into constituent units, and
these units are different from the constituents of language. Finally, unlike
the constituents of language, the constituents of a myth, which he labels
“mythemes,” function as "bundles of relations."[3]
This approach is
a break from the “symbolists”, such as Carl Jung, who dedicate themselves to find
meaning solely within the constituents rather than their relations.[4] For instance, Lévi-Strauss uses
the example of the Oedipus myth and breaks it down to its component parts:
Reading it in sequence from
left to right, top to bottom, the myth is categorized sequentially and by
similarities. Through analyzing the commonalities between the “mythemes” of
the Oedipus story, understandings can be wrought from its
categories.
Thus, a structural approach
towards myths is to address all of these constituents. Furthermore, a
structural approach should account for all versions of a myth, as all versions
are relevant to the function of the myth as a whole. This leads to what
Lévi-Strauss calls a spiral growth of the myth which is continuous while the
structure itself is not. The growth of the myth only ends when the
“intellectual impulse which has produced it is exhausted.”[5]
"Die Kultur-Mythen-Analyse und die Ethno-Kybernetik" von AG stellt ein theoretisches System vor, das die Mythologie als grundlegendes a priori System interpretiert, das auf empirisch nicht feststellbaren Kategorien beruht. Dies ist eine äusserst umfangreiche Arbeit (334 Seiten), die nicht als Abstract gefasst werden kann, da sie sich von bekannteren Ansätzen der Mythenforschung stark unterscheidet. Wesentliche theoretische Elemente der Arbeit basieren auf einer Weiterentwicklung der Ethnopsychoanalyse und Theorien von Peter Sloterdijk. Es sei hier nur bemerkt, dass die heutige positivistische Naturwissenschaft ebenso gut als Mythologie klassifiziert werden kann, denn sie beruht auf metaphysischen Annahmen, die sich in Zirkular-Argumenten selbst bestätigen, nämlich in der Form, dass nur das als "Realität" akzeptiert werden darf, was mit dem augenblicklichen Instrumentarium der physikalisch basierten Wissenschaften messbar ist. Alles andere, was nicht messbar ist, wird damit "per ordre de mufti" aus dem Wissens-System ausgeschlossen.
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.htm
http://www.noologie.de/diadenk.pdf
Ethnopsychoanalysis:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23182007?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devereux
https://www.theviennapsychoanalyst.at/index.php?wbkat=8&wbid=1328&lakat=1
Aus dem Vorwort von "Die Mühle des Hamlet"
Dies bezieht sich auf die deutsche Ausgabe von Dechend (1993).
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314178
Nicht, daß wir die Pyramidentexte
verdächtigten, Lehrsätze und die Darstellung eines „Systems" zu enthalten
- der Rigveda tut das auch nicht -, vielmehr setzen sie ein solches System
voraus und spielen darauf an. Ob es schriftlich fixierte „Lehrbücher" gegeben
hat oder ob man Wesentliches ausschließlich mündlich tradierte, läßt sich nicht
entscheiden. Will man Clemens Alexandrinus (2) Glauben schenken, so mußte der
bei feierlichen Umzügen auftretende Horoskopos „die astrologischen Schriften
unter den Büchern des Hermes, vier an der Zahl, auswendig kennen, von denen das
eine von der Ordnung der Fixsterne handelt, das zweite von den Planeten, das
dritte von den Begegnungen und Erscheinungen von Sonne und Mond, das noch
übrige von den Aufgängen" und der „heilige Schriftwart"
(Hierogrammate(is) „die sogenannten Hieroglyphenschriften ... ; diese handeln
von der Weltkunde und Geographie (peri tes kosmographias kai geographias), von
dem Stand der Sonne und des Mondes und der fünf Planeten, der
Bodenbeschaffenheit Ägyptens (chorographia) und der Beschreibung des
Nils."
Unbehagen und Mißtrauen taugen
nicht dazu, den Weg zu verständigen Einsichten zu weisen, sie nötigen nur zu
wachsamer Aufmerksamkeit für das Auftauchen neuer denkbarer Alternativen.
Mißtrauen regte sich bei mir schon nach wenigen Senmestern, vor dem Krieg,
gegen die damals in der Ethnologie geltende Auffassung von der Aufeinanderfolge
von „Kulturschichten" (eigentlich -stufen), die, vereinfacht ausgedrückt,
auf das Wildbeutertum einerseits Hirtentum, andererseits ,.primitiven
Hackbau" (Knollen), alsdann die Hochkultur (Getreideanbau mit Pflug sowie
Viehzucht) folgen ließ.
Dies ist eine neuere Einführung zu Hamlet’s Mill:
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill_commentary.htm
Some
books are ahead of their time. Some books convey a message which threatens
prevailing notions, and are therefore brushed away. Some books are mixtures of
profound insights and garbled speculations. Hamlet’s Mill, An Essay on Myth
and the Frame of Time (1969) partakes to varying degrees in all of the
above. Hamlet’s Mill began a revolution in understanding the profound
sources of ancient mythology. Although it tottered on the edge of
oblivion for years, it has reemerged as the fundamental inspiration for many
progressive researchers who find the precession of the equinoxes lurking
within ancient creation myths around the world.
...
There
are problems with Hamlet’s Mill, but they are more in terms of the
book’s organization rather than a faulty reasoning. However, some citations,
especially those of Mesoamerican myth, are somewhat off the mark. In
this case, the reason may have more to do with the embryonic state of
Mesoamerican studies in the 1960s. As for other glitches, these hurried flaws
can be explained when we consider the context in which the book was written. Giorgio
de Santillana published a book of his own the previous year and was still
lecturing at M.I.T., so his work load during the late 1960s must have been
intense. In fact, he was ill at the time. As William Irwin Thompson
writes:
"Professor
de Santillana worked on editing von Dechend when he was sick and
near death, and so this book is not the best expression of their theories.
Encyclopedic, but rambling, it is often as chaotic as it is cranky. This
weakness, however, should not mislead the reader. The work is very important in
seeking to recover the astronomical and cosmological dimensions of mythic
narratives"
(Thompson
1982:268-269).
This
may explain the variations in the narrative, the ebb and flow of the sequence
in which the book was ordered, and the generally chaotic character of the
book’s organization. Nevertheless, the bulk of the text conveys ruthless
interpretation and careful documentation of international scholarship in
linguistics, archaeology, comparative mythology, and astronomy. In addition, an
informal and usually engaging, if somewhat loquacious, prose style prevails
throughout. Hertha von Dechend, long-time German historian and
mythologist, seems to be the director behind the scenes:
"Von
Dechend has argued that the astronomy of the most ancient civilizations is
far more complicated than we have hitherto realized. She sees myth as the
technical language of a scientific and priestly elite; when, therefore, a myth
seems to be most concrete, even gross, it is often using figurative language to
describe astronomical happenings . . . Von Dechend’s thesis that there is an
astronomical dimension to myth that is not understood by the conventional
archaeologists of myth is, I believe, quite correct"
(Thompson
1982:173).
"Archaeologists of myth" is a strange statement, but what discipline
does this study belong to? It certainly isn’t astronomy, because astronomy’s
technicians have nothing to do with ancient myth. Is it ethnology, mythology,
or science? The burgeoning field of archaeoastronomy perhaps gets closest to
the mark. Since the 1970s, two different academic journals have been devoted to
elucidating and exploring the topic of archaeoastronomy. Norman Lockyear
pioneered this field in the late 1800s with the publication of The Dawn of
Astronomy in 1894. The next real advance in this field came with the Stonehenge
studies of Gerald S. Hawkins in the 1960s. As a result of Hawkins’ new
"astro-archaeology" picking up where Lockyear left off, and a growing
academic interest in what the field had to offer, Giorgio Santillana saw fit to
arrange the reprinting of Lockyear’s The Dawn of Astronomy in 1964, for
the occasion of its 70th anniversary.
Much
of humanity’s oldest myths were derived from celestial observations. This is
probably the most important contribution that Hamlet’s Mill offers, one that
has been suppressed and scoffed at for much of this century. In addition to its
ancillary use in archaeoastronomy, this concept is being reclaimed as a
guiding principle for those who study Maya mythology. The Maya, the most
mathematically and calendrically advanced culture of the ancient New World,
also preserved complex myths which are now being interpreted as referential to
astronomical features and processes. For example, Maya epigrapher Linda
Schele has promoted the Mayan Sacred Tree, one of the oldest motifs
in Mayan myth, as a description of the intersection of the ecliptic with the
Milky Way.
...
Knowing
that human beings have, basically, remained unchanged for at least 40,000
years, how can we say that our remote ancestors could not observe the
subtle celestial shifting of precession? Our concept of how difficult this
might be is tempered by the problems of our own age, when the skies are
obscured by smog and light pollution, when basic math skills are the property
of the few, and no one has the time or inclination to read and explore the
obscure depths of human history. If we can admit that our remote ancestors were
intelligent enough to conceive of this majestic and complex doctrine of World
Ages, we might allow ourselves to be smart enough to let go of destructive
tendencies and move into a healthier new era.
...
Other scholars have since concurred with the basic premise of Hamlet’s Mill,
that mythology and astronomy go hand in hand. Joseph Campbell
even goes so far as to point out that the numbers associated with the ending of
world, as recorded in the Icelandic Eddas, are identical to the numbers
used in Hindu World Age calculations, and both ultimately refer to precession.
Campbell presents this finding in several different books and tapes (most
notably, in The Inner Reaches of Outer Space), yet this important aspect
of his work has been characteristically ignored. We also have the viewpoint of William
Irwin Thompson in his book The Time Falling Bodies Take To Light,
which provides a rich elucidation of this whole perspective. The growing trend
among mythologists, historians, and other researchers into humanity’s past is
to:
1) allow
ancient people to be intelligent and perceptive
2) understand that
myth and astronomy are interwoven
3) allow for
the possibility that we are just learning to recognize the genius of ancient
civilizations, and we can learn from them
Die Inka waren vielleicht die letzte Zivilisation, von denen ein gewaltiges Kompendium der Archaeo-Astronomie bekannt ist. Es ist ein grosses Glück, dass zu den Zeiten der spanischen Eroberung, nachdem die Spanier möglichst alles Material der Inkas vernichtet hatten, ein paar Jesuiten-Patres ausführliche Notizen zu deren Kosmologie und Mythologie gemacht haben. Dieses Material kommt in "Hamlet's Mill" nur selten vor. Deshalb wurde es von AG in diesem Kapitel näher behandelt.
http://www.noologie.de/extra-verb.htm#incalegacy
http://www.noologie.de/extra-verb.htm#inca_video
http://www.noologie.de/extra-verb.htm#inca_sacsayhuaman
Die Google-Suche findet ein paar Einträge:
peruvian site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill16.htm
In diesem Kapitel findet sich diese charakteristische Notiz:
Arriaga,
in his "Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru"...
This appears also in Levi-Strauss: Myth and Meaning, ch. 3:
http://historiaocharkeologi.com/kanada/myth_and_meaning.pdf
HARELIPS
AND TWINS: THE SPLITTING OF A MYTH
Our
starting point here will be a puzzling observation recorded by a Spanish
missionary in Peru, Father P.J. de Arriaga, at the end of the sixteenth
century, and published in his Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Peru (Lima 1621).
Der gescannte Index ist für sich nicht besonders hilfreich, weil die Stichworte nicht in die .htm Texte verlinkt sind. Aber hier kann man Google einsetzen. Freundlicherweise hat Google den gesamten Inhalt von Hamlet's Mill indiziert. Es ist also einfach, die Einträge zu bestimmten Themen zu finden. Man braucht nur den Code der Stichworte in das Suchfeld des Browsers einzugeben. Es ergeben sich Clusters zu den verschiedenen Leit-Themen des Buches.
Hier ist z.B. das Hamlet-Thema:
yggdrasil
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
world tree site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
snorri
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
edda
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
amlodhi
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Amlaghe
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Amlaidhe
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Amleth site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Amlethus site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
grotti
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
whirlpool site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
corn mill site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Dies ist ein Cluster zu Saturn:
saturn site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
kronos
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Jupiter
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Hubal site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
yamshid
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
jamshid site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
gilgamesh site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
galaxy site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
nile
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
osiris
site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
isis site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
horus site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Hier ist ein Cluster zu Homer und verwandte Mythologien:
homer site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
illiad site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
ships site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Atreus site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
asura site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
lethe site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
soma site:https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/
Zitierte Literatur:
Dechend, H. v., Santillana, G.: Hamlet's Mühle, (orig.: Hamlet's Mill), Kammerer & Unverzagt, Berlin (1993)
Dechend, H. v., Santillana, G.: Hamlet's Mill, Gambit, Boston (1969)
Weitere Literatur-Angaben sind hier:
http://www.noologie.de/bib.htm
http://www.noologie.de/denk-bib.htm
This is the field of Human Universalia, the view of theoretical
anthropology. Theoretical anthropology is different from the study of
various "cultures" / societies / ethnoi (in Gumilev's terminology).
The example case is the German Ethnology. Here we study many different
"cultures" and "belief systems". And then we make some inductions
on the deep structures of human itellect, or intelligence, or cognition. Claude
Levi-Strauss has done some important work in this field. In the present
context, we will enlarge on this, with some inputs from present-day research in
logics, mythology, field research, and theoretical computer science.
... more to come really soon...
How can we classify inner experiences?
Somatic memory, embodied knowledge, kinesthetic sense, the non-verbal
tacit aspects of "culture".
Franz Boas - The Shackles of Tradition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOvFDioPrMM [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Seeing Anthropology - An Ethnographic Film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1JBSKsoTP8 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Many present-day discussions about Gender Theory are oblivious of the
work of Hermann Baumann: "Das Doppelte Geschlecht". Hermann Baumann
was at the LMU Ethnology from 1955
to 1972.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Baumann_(Ethnologe)
von
1955 bis 1972 als Professor am Institut für Völkerkunde und Afrikanistik
der Universität München. Seit 1965 war er
ordentliches Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Baumann_(social_anthropologist)
Transsexualität revisited. Un/Ordnung der Geschlechterdichotomie:
http://othes.univie.ac.at/1864/1/2008-10-16_9602128.pdf
Sabrina Petra Ramet: Gender Reversals And Gender Cultures:
https://www.unil.ch/files/live/sites/philo/files/shared/DocsPerso/GronebergMichael/MG_Intersex.pdf
https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.14220/jrat.2017.3.2.235
http://www.susanne-schroeter.de/files/travestie_und_transsexualit__t__in_paideuma__kopie.pdf
There are many societies where there exists a firm tradition of
"The Third Sex". One of these is in Thailand, and this is very much
in the open for any tourists to admire:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=thailand+ladyboys
Another very wide-spread "Third Sex" tradition is the Hijra's
of India:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Hijra%27s+India
And they exist also in Samoa and Afghanistan and Java.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8D_nx1a24k
Samoa's Fa'afafine, Men With the Manner of a Woman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GV_g6X2PEvs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_-6RAinga4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mskecTHIaCk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9xvkCa63Js
Fa’afafine: the widely accepted third gender in Samoa
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Samoa+trans
In some Islamic countries with strict separation of unmarried women and
men, boys are aften used sexually.
Java:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSQMMYxq8oc
Enslaved by the Cult: Exploitation of young boys in Java’s ancient
tradition.
Bacha
Bazi in Afghanistan
Afghanistan and Pakistan: The Sexual Exploitation of Boys:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Afghanistan%3A+Sexual+Exploitation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oU6q6EaXBlM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMp2wm0VMUs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjSsWUIvS9g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpTJ8rhb8p0&list=PLmH3I5hKwHWbm9a54K7pl-lvdqVajjsaa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UslAyNvHSyA&list=PLmH3I5hKwHWbm9a54K7pl-lvdqVajjsaa&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5fl2S4juQ&list=PLmH3I5hKwHWbm9a54K7pl-lvdqVajjsaa&index=4
Intentionality, Cognition, and Mental Representation in Medieval
Philosophy
Gyula Klima, Fordham University Press, 2015.
A Case Example of Embodied Knowledge
There is a short essay on the Australian Aranda Songline Tradition in
the dissertation of the present author. This is one of the most elaborate
"indigenous" traditions of song, dance and mythology with a practical
minimum of technical implements, and it has been studied intensively by Theodor
Strehlow. Since he had an Aranda wet-nurse, he grew up among the Aranda
children and learned all those subtle things that cannot be learned in an
epistemic way. This is presented under the heading:
18.3.8. Theodor Strehlow and the Australian Songline tradtition
http://www.noologie.de/desn24.htm#ABORIGINES [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
And this is the more general chapter heading:
18.3. Examples of Kinemorphic Cultural Transmission
http://www.noologie.de/desn24.htm#Heading129 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
The work of Theodor Strehlow is referenced in the bibliography:
http://www.noologie.de/desn28.htm#Strehlow
Strehlow,
T.: Aranda Traditions, Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne (1947)
Strehlow,
T.: Personal monototemism in a polytotemic community, in: Haberland, E.,
Schuster, M., Straube, H.: Festschrift f. Ad. E. Jensen, Renner, München, p.
723-754 (1964)
Strehlow, T.: Songs of central Australia, Angus and Robertson, Syndey
(1971)
It should be noted that the "Songs of central Australia" were
not welcomed by the contemporary academic anthropological community. Today the
material that Strehlow had collected resides at the Strehlow Research Centre in
the Museum of Central Australia in Alice Springs, Australia. It is needless to
say that most of that material is considered "secret-sacred" by the
descendants of these Aranda elders (who have no idea of any details of it), and
so it is practically off limits to western scholars to examine them:
"special permission is required to access sensitive material from the
archive." (See the quote below).
The present author had seen some videos of these
performances that were once on German TV, but probably these were also taken
out of access for the same reasons. Of course it doesn't help very much to view
the videos when one hasn't read the relevant books by Theodor Strehlow.
https://www.magnt.net.au/strehlow-research-centre [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
From
1932 through to the mid 1970’s, TGH Strehlow produced over 40 field diaries,
150 plus genealogies, numerous cultural maps, thousands of photographs and
slides, more than a 160 hours of sound recordings and kilometres of film,
nearly all of which relates to the Arandic cultures of the Centre. This vast
repository of knowledge along with the more that 1200 sacred objects housed in
a special vault at the Strehlow Research Centre, makes up the majority of the
Collection. Most of the Strehlow Collection remains highly relevant to current
generations of Aranda custodians and special permission is required to access
sensitive material from the archive.
This may be a conclusion of the study of
the ancient (possibly 50.000 years) danced and sung Aborigine mythology: They
managed to store all their knowledge about their ecosystem (which is very
irregular, due to the sporadic nature of rainfall) in their somatic memory, by
performing it again and again in their rituals.
There exists one exhaustive account of the dance traditions of ancient
Mediterranea around the times of the Roman empire, that of Lucianus Samosata.
It shows that there existed a very elaborate system of dances which were often
associated with cosmological themes, and the gyrations of the planets and stars
were displayed in the forms of specific (sacred) dances. It should be noted
that the early Christian church fathers abhorred the dance as a particularly
nasty form of Roman decadence, and therefore very little other material on this
subject survived their well-intentioned purges.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#samosata
But there still exist many (probably very old) dance traditions up to
this day in Europe, for example on the Balkans and in Greece. These are called
folk lore today, and have no spiritual content any more, but they are still
quite important in the social setting.
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm - balkantanz
This youtube query gives a list of Greek folk dances:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=greek+folk+dance [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kG12C1oX5Eo [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Zorba The Greek Dance - The Greek Orchestra Emmetron Music HD
"The Rite of Spring" by Strawinsky is one modern re-creation
of what ancient spring rituals may have been like. Also the "Carmina
Burana" by Orff are a modern re-creation of ancient peasant rituals.
Several modern composers (of the 1900's era) went to the countryside and
recorded the musical structures of the people's songs and dances and embedded
them into their compositions.
This little essay is just noticed in passing. It is about the re-framing
of the Hamlet mythology into the concepts and customs of the elders of Tiv
society of West Africa.
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/picks-from-the-past/12476/shakespeare-in-the-bush
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/print/476 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Laura Bohanna: Shakespeare in the Bush: An American anthropologist set
out to study the Tiv of West Africa and was taught the true meaning of Hamlet.
Published on Natural History Magazine Aug./Sept. 1966.
These are just two short quotes from that article which should elucidate
the performative nature of the Tiv "entertainment" culture and the
deeper mythological foundations:
1)
People
began to drink at dawn. By midmorning the whole homestead was singing, dancing,
and
drumming.
When it rained, people had to sit inside their huts: there they drank and sang
or they
drank
and told stories.
2)
We,
who are elders, will instruct you in their true meaning, so that when you
return to your own land your elders will see that you have not been sitting in
the bush, but among those who know things and who have taught you wisdom.”
In short, there exists a deep structure of the Hamlet mythology, but it
is unknown to most western anthropologists. There is no place here to enlarge
on this, and this is the proper reference:
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill01.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/hamlets_mill/hamletmill06.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
It should be noted that Hertha v. Dechend was the last surviving
disciple of Leo Frobenius, and her work implies that there was a pre-historic
(since about 50.000 years) trans-continental "trade of ideas" in the
form of mythology. She had focused her attention mainly on matters of
archaeo-astronomy, especially the precession of the equinoxes. Aside from her
seminal work "Hamlet's Mill", there are many more megabytes of
lecture scripts that are residing at the Frankfurt Frobenius Institute.
http://archiv.frobenius-katalog.de/rech.FAU?sid=2C0ED11C1&dm=1&auft=0
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Her theory may not fit well with some entrenched ideas in the academic
sciences that the pre-historic and pre-writing cultures of humanity could not
have been able to observe and record and transmit the knowledge of such
celestial phenomena. Here is some more material on the work of Hertha v.
Dechend:
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314091 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314178 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
I am using the english version of this article:
https://monoskop.org/images/c/c4/Mauss_Marcel_1935_1973_Techniques_of_the_Body.pdf
[Accessed: 2019-10-27]
For the present author (AG), the most interesting passages in this
article are on p. 75-76 which are quoted here:
I
had to go back to ancient notions, to the Platonic position on technique, for
Plato spoke of a technique of music and in particular of a technique of the
dance, and extend these notions.
I
call technique an action which is effective and traditional (and you will see
that in this it is no different from a magical, religious or symbolic action).
It has to be effective and traditional. There is no technique and no
transmission in the absence of tradition. This above all is what distinguishes
man from the animals: the transmission of his techniques and very probably
their oral transmission.
In
this case all that need be said is quite simply that we are dealing with
techniques of the body. The body is man's first and most natural instrument. Or
more accurately, not to speak of instruments, man's first and most natural
technical object, and at the same time technical means, is his body.
Immediately this whole broad category of what I classified in descriptive
sociology as 'miscellaneous' disappeared from that rubric and took shape and
body: we now know where to range it.
It should be noted that in the times after this article, many
researchers have discovered many quasi-cultural animal traditions, especially
of the apes, like the Bonobo, and birds of the corvus family who are quite
adept at tool usage. The most proverbial of these is that of some macaques that
had developed the "cultural technique" of washing their sweet
potatoes in salt water and that apparently made them taste better.
https://www.japanmonkeycentre.org/pdf/sweet-potato-washing/Hirata-2001-Sweet-potato-washing-revisited.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
The present article "Embodied Knowledge" deals mainly with a
slightly different aspect of "Techniques of the Body". This facility
is also called "tacit knowledge", "somatic knowledge" or
"muscle memory". Therefore the literature presented here applies to
this as well. We refer to the article by Konrad Lehmann in
Telepolis: ->lehmann1 and James J. Gibson:
There exists a work by Karl Bücher: "Arbeit und Rhythmus".
(Published "30. Mai 1899") This gives a comprehensive account of the
rhythmic and melodic patterns that are connected with doing manual work
everywhere before the industrialization. This complements the work of Marcel
Mauss "Techniques of the Body". Almost all human activities have some
sort of rhythm, and first are of course the rhythms of the body itself, like
the heart-beat, the breath, and the biorhythms of waking and sleeping, and the
female menstrual rhythm. The latter one still follows the moon phases.
Practically all marine life reproduction also synchronizes with the moon phases
in form of the tidal rhythm, especially the high or spring tides. Bücher also
devotes a large chapter to the discussion of the ethnographic work of his time,
noting a quasi-universal tendency of human actions to be accompanied by rhythm.
Mostly these were work songs, and the best known are those of the sailors on
the sailing ships, where every movement of those huge vessels had to be
coordinated in a very precise manner, or otherwise the ship would founder. So
these songs were of quite a survival importance for the whole crew. And even if
their captains had to give them some overall directions, the sailors needed to
know to translate this into manual actions on the ropes and the sails, or the
ship would go nowhere, or would sink in the next best storm. At Bücher's time some of the work
songs were still in existence. The industrial revolution brought them to
silence, they were drowned out by the hammering cycles of the machines. It is
probably safe to say that a great part of present-day mental disorders stem
from the modern conditions of an a-rhythmic life-style.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://archive.org/stream/arbeitundrhythm00bcgoog/arbeitundrhythm00bcgoog_djvu.txt
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Unfortunately, the scan of this book has many errors, thus diminishing
its usefulness.
There are more www occurrences of this book, some with better quality:
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-663-16235-3 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://ia802708.us.archive.org/19/items/arbeitundrhythm00bcgoog/arbeitundrhythm00bcgoog.pdf
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Here is a slightly edited version of "Arbeit und Rhythmus".
http://www.noologie.de/Arbeit und Rhythmus.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
More information on rhythmic traditions is in:
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.pdf [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Here is some music theory of rhythm:
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314104 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utzyi4gfBDE [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0RdPSRY5HQ [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/rhythm [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTQ1A7YT1pQ [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
How Music Works: Rhythm - Accent & Syncopation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTQ1A7YT1pQ&list=RDzTQ1A7YT1pQ&start_radio=1&t=435
[Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Playlist: How Music Works: Rhythm - Accent & Syncopation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=553caGiTuSo&list=PL92bmiQvrtmDfhpPXbiNglb1e0H4r-IRc [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1pejTgLuhA [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Polyrhythm- Learn And Master 3:4 And 4:3 [Music Theory - Rhythm- Counting]
And some practical applications:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsPdTNGnr44 [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Balinese Gamelan: An Introduction [with Dr. Elizabeth Clendinning]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE93bF0dooU [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Teaching you Indonesian Gamelan Music! (Lancaran Kotek)
This is the whole playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE93bF0dooU&list=RDjE93bF0dooU&start_radio=1&t=35 [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WELQBJRiH90 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Various - Music For The Gods (Gamelan)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WELQBJRiH90&list=RDWELQBJRiH90&start_radio=1&t=65&pbjreload=10 [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
The Whole Playlist: Various - Music For The Gods (Gamelan)
Then there are several chapters in the dissertation of the present
author that relate directly to "Techniques of the Body":
13. The somatic factors: The human body as cultural transmission device
http://www.noologie.de/desn19.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
18. Dynamic Cultural Transmission
http://www.noologie.de/desn24.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
19. The age group modes of cultural transmission
http://www.noologie.de/desn25.htm [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
There is no need to copy these chapters into the present text, but they
may serve as background information to "Techniques of the Body".
Then there is the work of Peter Sloterdijk "Du musst dein Leben
ändern" which also deals with "Techniques of the Body" but from
a quite different perspective. The seminal point of his work is:
"Religions are practice systems" (Religionen sind Übungs-Systeme).
One may or may not agree with his proposition. The present author has commented
on Sloterdijk's work here:
"The Movement Gestalt and the Kulturmorphologie, and the
Meta-Morphologie":
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm - sloterdijk1
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
"The Essence of the Spiritual Movement Gestalt or Kata".
http://www.noologie.de/_extra-verb.htm#kataessence
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
There is one over-arching theme of the Spiritual Experience: Is there
any connection to the Christian western European theme of religion? From the
vantage point of the present author (AG), it seems unlikely. The Christian
"spiritual" system has nothing to do with "spiritual"
experiences that are accessible for humans in their living lives, like for
example shamanistic experiences. The Christian system translates or better
postpones all of spirituality to an "Afterlife". There is a little
joke that exemplifies this:
Lily Tomlin: "Why is it when we talk to God, we're said to be
praying, but when God talks to us, we're schizophrenic?"
Literature Reference:
Sloterdijk, Peter: "Du musst Dein Leben
ändern. Über Anthropotechnik." (2009). Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main
2009, ISBN 978-3-518-41995-3.
abk. DMDL.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_mu%C3%9Ft_dein_Leben_%C3%A4ndern
[Accessed: 2019-10-29]
https://wolnelektury.pl/media/book/pdf/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific.pdf
[Accessed: 2019-10-27]
This is the English version of Malinowski's book. His introduction is from
p. 11 ff. in the English edition. In the German edition it is from p. 23 ff.
There are youtube videos about his work:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjCMOpnx6r8&list=PLSFPCObtitGSXFHXWQBaPTAJpOLZUgdIf&index=2 [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjCMOpnx6r8&list=PLSFPCObtitGSXFHXWQBaPTAJpOLZUgdIf [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f22VsAlOwbc&list=PL9ECD44B8D1575A18
[Accessed: 2019-11-12]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzc4kUB9ya8&list=PLAF1DBEC98DDC7ABA
[Accessed: 2019-11-12]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBQi9STHI5U [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Cuentos
de la jungla: Malinowski y las Islas Trobriand (BBC, subtitulado en español)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8DYYcZKb2o [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Bronislaw Malinowski "Fora da varanda" - Série Estranhos no
Exterior (Strangers Abroad)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucAsLa61mV8 [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Young Indiana Jones and Bronislaw Malinowski
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacific [Accessed: 2019-10-27]
The wikipedia article gives the salient points about the pioneering
contribution of Malinowski:
Argonauts of the Western Pacific developed
from anthropological research which Bronislaw Malinowski described as "off
the verandah".[2] Unlike
the armchair
anthropology of previous
researchers, this method was characterized by participant
observation: informal
interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group,
collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the
group, self-analysis, results from activities undertaken off or online, and
life-histories.[3]
Impact
Considered
the first modern ethnography,[4] Argonauts
of the Western Pacific redefined the ethnographic genre.[5] Adam Kuper,
in his seminal 1973 book on British social anthropology, begins his analysis
with Malinowski's status as the founder of the discipline:
"Malinowski
has a strong claim to being the founder of the profession of social
anthropology in Britain, for he established its distinctive apprenticeship --
intensive fieldwork in an exotic community."[6]
The present author (AG) makes a note of the quite personal account of
Malinowski of his own experiences as a beginner in fieldwork. (p. 13, English
edition, p. 26 German edition):
Imagine
further that you are a beginner, without previous experience, with nothing to
guide you and no one to help you. For the white man is temporarily absent, or
else unable or unwilling to waste any of his time on you. This exactly
describes my first initiation into field work on the south coast of New Guinea.
...
I
had periods of despondency, when I buried myself in the reading of novels, as a
man might take to drink in a fit of tropical depression and boredom.
...
p. 14
I
came back duly, and soon gathered an audience around me. A few compliments in
pidgin-English on both sides, some tobacco changing hands, induced an
atmosphere of mutual amiability. I tried then to proceed to business. First, to
begin with subjects which might arouse no suspicion, I started to „do”
technology. A few natives were engaged in manufacturing some object or other.
It was easy to look at it and obtain the names of the tools, and even some
technical expressions about the proceedings, but there the matter ended. It
must be borne in mind that pidgin-English is a very imperfect instrument for
expressing one’s ideas, and that before one gets a good training in framing
questions and understanding answers one has the uncomfortable feeling that free
communication in it with the natives will never be attained; and I was quite
unable to enter into any more detailed or explicit conversation with them at
first.
...
What
is then this ethnographer’s magic, by which he is able to evoke the real spirit
of the natives, the true picture of tribal life? As usual, success can only be
obtained by a patient and systematic application of a number of rules of common
sense and wellknown scientific principles, and not by the discovery of any
marvellous short-cut leading to the desired results without effort or trouble.
...
p. 15:
And
it must be emphasised whenever anything dramatic or important occurs it is
essential to investigate it at the very moment of happening, because the
natives cannot but talk about it, are too excited to be reticent, and too
interested to be mentally lazy in supplying details. Also, over and over again,
I committed breaches of etiquette, which the natives, familiar enough with me,
were not slow in pointing out. I had to learn how to behave, and to a certain
extent, I acquired „the feeling” for native good and bad manners. With this,
and with the capacity of enjoying their company and sharing some of their games
and amusements, I began to feel that I was indeed in touch with the natives,
and this is certainly the preliminary condition of being able to carry on
successful field work.
...
p. 16:
The
word „savage”, whatever association it might have had originally, connotes
ideas of boundless liberty, of irregularity, of something extremely and
extraordinarily quaint. In popular thinking, we imagine that the natives live
on the bosom of Nature, more or less as they can and like, the prey of
irregular, phantasmagoric beliefs and apprehensions. Modern science, on the
contrary, shows that their social institutions have a very definite
organisation, that they are governed by authority, law and order in their
public and personal relations, while the latter are, besides, under the control
of extremely complex ties of kinship and clanship. Indeed, we see them
entangled in a mesh of duties, functions and privileges which correspond to an
elaborate tribal, communal and kinship organisation.
... p.
17:
...
and he gives us a picture of the natives subjected to a strict code of
behaviour and good manners, to which in comparison the life at the Court of
Versailles or Escurial was free and easy.
The Situation in present-day western New Guinea (Irian-Jaya) under
Indonesian rule provides a picture of a sort of exploitation that may be worse
than that of the Europeans. This video gives some insight into the social
problems.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJPZpazebww [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Freedom Fighter of the Forgotten World in West Papua
The following video of course doesn't mention any of the social problems
there.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrAVuOOlW5Y [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
The Gold Mine In The Clouds | Super Structures | Spark
This following video gives a somewhat romantic account of the life in
Dutch New Guinea:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g5z5s0dm_U [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Dutch New Guinea in HD Color 1949-1962
Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch:
Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea) refers to the West Papua region while it was an
overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. Until
1949 it was a part of the Netherlands Indies. It was commonly known as Dutch
New Guinea. It is currently Indonesia's two easternmost provinces, Papua and
West Papua (administered under a unified government prior to 2003 under the
name Irian Jaya).
The following youtube query gives many more videos on
Irian Jaya.
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=new+guinea+irian+jaya+2018
More Info on Clifford Geertz:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41CWjE5LMoA&list=PLnGravZsYAxogmD1HSKlDvZ8CGRby6ih0 [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Clifford Geertz describes some of the darker aspects of Balinese
culture. To understand this, it is important to know their Vedic/Brahmanic
background.
The ferocious mythological fights of the powers of (white, aryan)
light-powers against the black demonic-powers are the main subject in
practically all Vedic mythologies like the Rgveda.
[[AG: It should be noted that almost all present-day mythological heroic
Hollywood productions are just repeating this age-old theme.]]
It should also be noted that Indian Brahmanic culture is quite
puritanic, especially when it concerns sexual matters. The term
"purity" is not just a British Victorian invention, but applies
equally to Brahmin culture. This is in stark contrast to the Indian Dravidian
Tantric lore, and the sexual cult of the Devadasis in ancient India before the
Britisher's cleaned it all up. The Brahmanic structure is the backbone of the
Indian caste system, which is a power system of overlordship over the lowest
caste, the Shudras, and the casteless people, the Dalits and Mlecchas.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleccha
The sanskritizing of names was a common feature among
both indigenous and foreign mlecchas who slowly tried to move away from their
status of mleccha. Very often, in the case of ruling families, it took one to
two generations to make a transition. One of the most direct forms of the
expression of the Brahmanical ritual purity was the form and type of food which
a Brahmin could eat. He was forbidden to accept cooked food from any unclean
person. ...
By the twelfth century AD, wheat was described in one
lexicon as 'food of the mlecchas' and rice became
the 'pure' cereal. Onions and garlic was
also regarded as the food of the mlecchas and therefore prohibited to the
priestly intellectual class of Brahmins. Mlecchas drank alcohol,
ate cow flesh, which was strictly forbidden to a true believer of Sanatana
Dharma, and believed in false gods.[26][27]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasa
Dasa is a Sanskrit language term found in
ancient Hindu texts, such as
the Rigveda and Arthashastra.[1] It usually
means either "enemy" or "servant".[2]
A
third usage, related to the second, is "servant of God",
"devotee," "votary" or "one
who has surrendered to God"; dasa may be a suffix of a
given name to indicate a "servant" of a revered person or deity.[3]
In
some contexts, dasa is interchangeable with the Sanskrit
words dasyu and asura. Both of these
terms have been translated into other languages as words equivalent to "demon",
"harmful supernatural force", "slave", "servant"
or "barbarian", depending on the context in which the word is used.[2][4]
These quotes provide some ethnopsychoanalysis of the Balinese:
P. 5:
To
anyone who has been in Bali any length of time, the deep psychological
identification of Balinese men with their cocks is unmistakable. The double
entendre here is deliberate. It works in exactly the same way in Balinese as it
does in English, even to producing the same tired jokes, strained puns, and
uninventive obscenities.
Bateson
and Mead have even suggested that, in line with the Balinese conception of the
body as a set of separately animated parts, cocks are viewed as detachable,
self-operating penises, ambulant genitals with a life of their own.(4) And
while I do not have the kind of unconscious material either to confirm or
disconfirm this intriguing notion, the fact that they are masculine symbols par
excellence is about as indubitable, and to the Balinese about as evident,
as the fact that water runs downhill. The language of everyday moralism is shot
through, on the male side of it, with roosterish imagery. Sabung, the word for
cock (and one which appears in inscriptions as early as a.d. 922), is used
metaphorically to mean "hero," "warrior,"
"champion," "man of parts," "political candidate,"
"bachelor," "dandy," "lady-killer," or "tough
guy." A pompous man whose behavior presumes above his station is compared
to a tailless cock who struts about as though he had a large, spectacular one.
A desperate man who makes a last, irrational effort to extricate himself from
an impossible situation is likened to a dying cock who makes one final lunge at
his tor mentor to drag him along to a common destruction.
P. 7:
The
Balinese revulsion against any behavior regarded as animal-like can hardly be
overstressed. Babies are not allowed to crawl for that reason. Incest, though
hardly approved, is a much less horrifying crime than bestiality. (The
appropriate punishment for the second is death by drowning, for the first being
forced to live like an animal.)(8) Most demons are represented -- in sculpture,
dance, ritual, myth -- in some real or fantastic animal form. The main puberty
rite consists in filing the child's teeth so they will not look like animal
fangs. Not only defecation but eating is regarded as a disgusting, almost
obscene activity, to be conducted hurriedly and privately, because of its
association with animality. Even falling down or any form of clumsiness is
considered to be bad for these reasons. Aside from cocks and a few domestic
animals -- oxen, ducks -- of no emotional significance, the Balinese are
aversive to animals and treat their large number of dogs not merely callously
but with a phobic cruelty. In identifying with his cock, the Balinese man is
identifying not just with his ideal self, or even his penis, but also, and at
the same time, with what he most fears, hates, and ambivalence being what it
is, is fascinated by -- The Powers of Darkness. The connection of cocks and
cockfighting with such Powers, with the animalistic demons that threaten
constantly to invade the small, cleared off space in which the Balinese have so
carefully built their lives and devour its inhabitants, is quite explicit.
[[AG: It should be noted that the Balinese are the only people of the
Indonesian archipelago who have not converted to Islam. The police in Bali are
of course Muslim, coming from mostly Java. This should be a good reason for the
Balinese to be very wary of any outsider and out-religion foreign intrusion.]]
P. 18:
As
all Balinese villages, this one -- Tihingan, in the Klungkung region of southeast
Bali -- is intricately organized, a labyrinth of alliances and oppositions.
But, unlike many, two sorts of corporate groups, which are also status groups,
particularly stand out, and we may concentrate on them, in a part-for-whole
way, without undue distortion.
First,
the village is dominated by four large, patrilineal, partly endogamous descent
groups which are constantly vying with one another and form the major factions
in the village. Sometimes they group two and two, or rather the two larger ones
versus the two smaller ones plus all the unaffiliated people; sometimes they
operate independently. There are also subfactions within them, subfactions
within the subfactions, and so on to rather fine levels of distinction. And
second, there is the village itself, almost entirely endogamous, which is
opposed to all the other villages round about in its cockfight circuit (which,
as explained, is the market region), but which also forms alliances with
certain of these neighbors against certain others in various supra-village
political and social contexts. The exact situation is thus, as everywhere in
Bali, quite distinctive; but the general pattern of a tiered hierarchy of
status rivalries between highly corporate but various based groupings (and,
thus, between the members of them) is entirely general. Consider, then, as
support of the general thesis that the cockfight, and especially the deep
cockfight, is fundamentally a dramatization of status concerns, the following
facts, which to avoid extended ethnographic description I will simply pronounce
to be facts -- though the concrete evidence-examples, statements, and numbers
that could be brought to bear in support of them is both extensive and
unmistakable...
P. 27:
The
interpretatio naturae tradition of the middle ages, which, culminating
in Spinoza, attempted to read nature as Scripture, the Nietszchean [sic] effort
to treat value systems as glosses on the will to power (or the Marxian one to
treat them as glosses on property relations), and the Freudian replacement of
the enigmatic text of the manifest dream with the plain one of the latent, all
offer precedents, if not equally recommendable ones. (37) But the idea remains
theoretically undeveloped; and the more profound corollary, so far as
anthropology is concerned, that cultural forms can be treated as texts, as
imaginative works built out of social materials, has yet to be systematically
exploited. (38) In the case at hand, to treat the cockfight as a text is to
bring out a feature of it (in my opinion, the central feature of it) that
treating it as a rite or a pastime, the two most obvious alternatives, would
tend to obscure: its use of emotion for cognitive ends. What the cockfight says
it says in a vocabulary of sentiment -- the thrill of risk, the despair of
loss, the pleasure of triumph. Yet what it says is not merely that risk is
exciting, loss depressing, or triumph gratifying, banal tautologies of affect,
but that it is of these emotions, thus exampled, that society is built and
individuals put together. Attending cockfights and participating in them is,
for the Balinese, a kind of sentimental education. What he learns there is what
his culture's ethos and his private sensibility (or, anyway, certain aspects of
them) look like when spelled out externally in a collective text; that the two
are near enough alike to be articulated in the symbolics of a single such text;
and -- the disquieting part -- that the text in which this revelation is
accomplished consists of a chicken hacking another mindlessly to bits.
Every
people, the proverb has it, loves its own form of violence. The cockfight is
the Balinese reflection on theirs: on its look, its uses, its force, its
fascination. Drawing on almost every level of Balinese experience, it brings
together themes -- animal savagery, male narcissism, opponent gambling, status
rivalry, mass excitement, blood sacrifice -- whose main connection is their
involvement with rage and the fear of rage, and, binding them into a set of
rules which at once contains them and allows them play, builds a symbolic
structure in which, over and over again, the reality of their inner affiliation
can be intelligibly felt.
Here are some videos on the subject. Youtube states that these scenes
may be offensive for some people because of animal cruelty. But they show very
well the heated atmosphere:
This is a youtube search for Bali Cockfight:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=bali+cockfight
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjzxoUMx9Ok
Cock Fight in Bali
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt8rYW-Lt3I
Bali, Indonesia- A Cock Fight in the 1930s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avW6g31hy-c
Clifford Geertz: The Interpretation of Cultures (The Balinese Cockfight)
Bali is today mostly known for its folkloristic aspects, and it is a
relatively peaceful and relaxing place, with plenty of beaches, and plenty of
alcohol and partying, for mostly Australian and New Zealand tourists. These
youtube videos give some vivid impressions that will reveal some clues on the
subtle sub-strata of this culture.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_dance [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
This youtube query will reveal many important data on things that are
difficult to describe with written words:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=balinese+music+traditional
[Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGXcnWUqV-Y [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Baraka Ketjak
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0HY0oD84OM [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
Kecak
Dance / Uluwatu, Bali
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4C7T0-G7Ho&list=RDv4C7T0-G7Ho&start_radio=1&t=72 [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCUdEnGvYFk [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkxuPxdsZ58&list=PLC26FD39F9B2DD700
[Accessed: 2019-10-28]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSCx3MxRjUE&list=PLC26FD39F9B2DD700&index=5 [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
This is a somewhat superficial ethnographical sketch about the emotional
role of dogs in German society. It lacks a deeper understanding of the role of
co-existence of humans and dogs. This is expecially the factor of the high
social intelligence of dogs which they had inherited from their wolf ancestors.
It would have been more productive if Flavien Ndonko had done some more
cross-cultural research on the many human societies that have very deep
emotional relations between humans and dogs. A particularly good example would
be Japan, where there is an even deeper emotional link, one reason for this is
that the Japanese Shinto and Buddhist "spirituality" is thoroughly
animistic, in the sense that not only all living beings have a
"soul", but also all parts of nature, like trees, mountains, lakes,
and rivers, and of course, the dogs also. Practically all northern European
(and USA) peoples have the same deep emotional connection with dogs, much the
same as the Germans. It seems that the more northern the people are, the deeper
the emotional relation gets.
On the other hand, the more we come closer to the tropics, the
dogs are considered more lowly on the societal scale of values. A prime
example of this is the Arabic scale of insults which culminates in
calling someone a dog:
https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/articles/13-hilarious-arabic-swear-words-and-phrases/ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Chelb
One
of the most well-known insults, this simply means “dog”. However, for Arabs
this is one of the most insulting things to call a person, and you’ll most
likely witness a fight if someone is indeed called a “chelb” to their face.
Ibn
al Kalb
Meaning
“son of a dog”, this is similar to calling someone a dog except that now you’ve
also insulted the family as well. Let’s just say if there is anything worse
than calling someone a dog, this is it.
Quite a few of the many dog races that exist today are a product of British
Race Breeding, and this breeding practice prompted Darwin to develop his
ideas of (natural) selection. The British breeders were some of the most expert
ones, for dogs and for horses, but also pigeons. So they were also the experts
of artificial selection. A particularly interesting piece of ethnological
research is the intimate relation of the nordic and Inuit humans where the dogs
are (or were) of paramount survival value.
Another more anecdotal ethnological facet would be the symbiosis of
Aboriginal Australians with their half-wild dogs, the Dingoes. There is a
proverbial theme: "The Three Dog Night". This is an expression for a
particularly cold night. It can get very cold in the Australian semi-desert
climate, even though it gets very hot during daytime. So in order to keep warm,
the people had to have three dogs to cozy up with.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night#Band_name_origin [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
... The Three Dog Night Story... states that
vocalist Danny Hutton's girlfriend, actress June Fairchild ...
suggested the name after reading a magazine article about indigenous Australians,
in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep in a
hole in the ground while embracing a dingo,
a native species of wild dog. On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs
and, if the night were freezing, it was a "three dog night".[4]
Another quite nice anecdote is that of the relation of the Maoris with
their dogs, called Kuri.
https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Captain-Cook-der-unterschlagene-Entdecker-Neuseelands-4566325.html?seite=all [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C4%AB [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
The following article from aeon highlights some of the commonly unknown
intellectual abilities of dogs:
https://aeon.co/essays/why-science-needs-to-catch-up-with-what-dog-trainers-know
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Fundamentally, if you have a brain, you will learn by
repeating actions that previously got you something you want, and avoiding
actions that got you something unpleasant. Wolves, apes and dolphins all learn
this way – as do goldfish and animals with even simpler brains. This is how
dogs learn to beg at the table and to avoid eating shoes (at least when their
owners are watching). On their own, animals can chain together individual
skills – such as chasing, pouncing and biting, learned by wolf cubs as part of
play – into more complex skills such as hunting. This learning can be enhanced
by social facilitation, in other words, by paying attention to the same thing
that their parents and siblings are doing. Young wolves on their first hunt,
for example, might figure out how exactly they are supposed to apply all those
puppyhood play skills to a particular chase.
...
While most people think of primates and dolphins as
intellectually exceptional, Ramirez says his early training experience at a
guide-dog school taught him to consider dogs as incredibly smart animals. What
impressed him was ‘intelligent disobedience’ – the rare times when a guide dog
needed to refuse his handler’s command, for his handler’s safety. It was up to
the dog to make that judgment. As a result, Ramirez began his career thinking
of dogs as the intellectually exceptional species, not primates and dolphins.
https://www.livescience.com/50928-wolf-genome-dog-ancient-ancestor.html
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Humans
and dogs were constant companions well before our ancestors settled in villages
and started growing crops 10,000 years ago, a new study suggests.
Genetic
evidence from an ancient wolf bone discovered lying on the tundra in Siberia's
Taimyr Peninsula reveals that wolves and dogs split from
their common ancestor at least 27,000 years ago. "Although separation
isn't the same as domestication, this opens up the possibility that
domestication occurred much earlier than we thought before," said lead
study author Pontus Skoglund, who studies ancient DNA at Harvard Medical School
and the Broad Institute in Massachusetts. Previously, scientists had pegged the
wolf-dog split at no earlier than 16,000 years ago.
Although
the prehistoric wolf went extinct,
its genetic legacy lives on in Arctic sled dogs, the team discovered.
"Siberian huskies have a portion of their genome that traces back exclusively
to this ancient Siberian wolf," Skoglund told Live Science. "It's
pretty amazing that there is a special genetic connection to a wolf that roamed
the tundra 35,000 years ago."
Greenland
dogs also carry some of this ancient wolf DNA, as do the Chinese Shar-Pei and
the Finnish spitz, the study authors reported. The researchers plan to study
what the genes do, as their role is not yet known, Skoglund said.
https://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1706.full.html [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/researchers-create-the-first-family-tree-of-domestic-dogs/ [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
There are many youtube videos about human-wolf relations:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=living+with+wolves [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Human mythology world-wide is full of stories concerning wolves, dogs,
and coyotes. (See the work of Hertha v. Dechend ->dechend2 ). For example Rudyard Kipling's novel
"Mowgli", and the Romulus and Remus legend who were suckled by a
she-wolf. The present author has written a speculative essay about a possible
human-wolf cooperation in the deep paleo-history. Wolves range very high on the
social intelligence scale, and that article speculates that humans might even
had learned some of their social skills from the wolves.
http://www.noologie.de/noo02.htm#Heading162 [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
"Eine Geschichte aus der Ur-Urzeit der Mensch - Tier Lebensgemeinschaften".
One more article by the present author is the connection to wolves in
the Wagner mythology. This story is a more or less simplistic rehash of so many
extremely ancient wolf mythologies. Wagner didn't understand wolf psychology
very well, and so his account of the Wälsungen is not too favorable.
http://www.noologie.de/wagner.htm#_Toc18314100 [Accessed: 2019-10-29]
"Das Leit-Thema der Leit-Wölfe: Die Wälsen".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjGRCi7ewtY [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Tales from the Jungle: Margaret Mead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2FhWyulpb8 [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Coming of Age: Margaret Mead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcZjgfdM91s [Accessed: 2019-11-12]
Critiques of Margaret Mead in Samoa
Coming of Age in Samoa is a book by American anthropologist Margaret Mead based upon her research and study of youth – primarily adolescent girls – on the island of Ta'u in the Samoan Islands. The book details the sexual life of teenagers in Samoan society in the
early 20th century, and theorizes that culture has a leading influence on
psychosexual development.
...
In the 1980s, Derek Freeman contested many of Mead's claims, and argued that she was hoaxed into
counterfactually believing that Samoan culture had more relaxed sexual norms
than Western culture.[2] However, the anthropology community on the whole has rejected
Freeman's claims, concluding that Freeman cherry-picked his data, and
misrepresented both Mead's research and the interviews that he conducted.[3][4][5]
The controversy around the book by Margret Mead may count as a good example
of a visiting anthropologist who doesn't know very much of the language and
customs of the people there, and depends on a selected group of informers for
her study. In that case it was the adolescent Samoan girls. These girls surely
had their own ways of day-dreaming about erotic adventures, even if that didn't
exactly correspond to their lived reality. This may be quite similar to the
Troubadour literature of the middle ages. Or the love lore of the modern-day
movie industry, and the Bollywood productions may serve as a paramount example
of a totally artificial treatment of human love affairs. This is a quote from
the above wikipedia article:
We girls would pinch each other and tell her we were
out with the boys. We were only joking but she took it seriously. As you know,
Samoan girls are terrific liars and love making fun of people but Margaret
thought it was all true.[21]
There is a quite universal human tendency to tell some interesting
stories to some unsuspecting outsiders, and especially adolescent girls seem to
be able to fabricate very ingenious yarns in their vivid phantasies. So there
may be a wide-spread psychological factor involved. It is common knowledge that
present-day people, when interviewed by social researchers on matters of their
sexual life, they always tend to be a little on the creative side when they
describe what is really going on in that part of their lives. We can read these
kinds of stories in all the media that have a specific section devoted to the
subject, like this one:
https://www.bento.de/suche/?q=sex
Now we know that the people of Samoa and Tahiti had been quite liberal
in sexual matters when the first european explorers arrived, like James Cook.
Why did they change their mores to more strict rules? There is a quite reasonable
argument, that the frequent occurrence of Syphilis and other venereal diseases
after these european contacts resulted in immense suffering and population
losses. This probably prompted them to be a bit more cautious in sexual
matters. Due to the well-meaning influence of Christian missionaries, today
they even tend to be more catholic than the pope.[4] See:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5103891.pdf
The Consequences of Cook's Hawaiian Contacts on the Local Population.
by Peter Pirie, Professor of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa
From an
insecurely estimated population of c. 250,000 Hawaiians in 1778, the
population, even of some Hawaiian ancestry, fell to c. 84,000 by 1850 and to
its nadir of c. 37,000 in 1900.
https://www.amdigital.co.uk/about/blog/item/pox-in-the-pacific
Upon Captain
Cook’s arrival in 1778 the population of the Hawaiian Islands was estimated at
around 500,000. By 1848, however, this number had fallen to less than 90,000.
Explanations for this exponential decline vary quite considerably, with many
historians citing war, famine, and disease as potential factors. Yet
contemporary narratives largely focus on one primary cause; the arrival of
syphilis. In his study of the Islands in 1853, G W Bates described the impact
that the disease had on the population, noting that:
The deadly virus
had a wide and rapid circulation throughout the blood, the bones, and sinews of
the whole nation, and left in its course a train of wretchedness and misery
which the very pen blushes to record. In the lapse of a few years, a dreadful
mortality, heightened, if not induced, by their unholy intercourse, swept away
one half of the population, leaving the dead unburied for want of those able to
perform the rites of sepulchre.
The devastation
described by Bates was by no means unusual. The continuous movement of seamen
from port to port ensured that there were few parts of the world that were left
untouched by this deadly disease. This was also fuelled by the fact that it was
not until 1905, with the drug Salvarsan, that an effective chemotherapy against
syphilis was introduced. Before this point sufferers relied primarily on
mercury, which could be applied as an ointment, pill, or through a steam bath.
The side effects of these treatments were often equally as devastating as the
disease it aimed to treat, and tooth loss, skin ulcerations, neurological
damage, and even death, were potential consequences of exposure to mercury.
More:
Yuval Noah Harari: Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. p. 9:
... by 1853,
only 70,000 survivors remained in Hawaii.
Die Herausbildung der mittelalterlichen Korrespondenztheorie der Wahrheit vom Standpunkt einer antirealistischen Wahrheitstheorie aus betrachtet.
https://philpapers.org/rec/GORWDH [Accessed: 2019-10-28]
The present author has downloaded this from somewhere of the vhb-Kurs:
Einführung in die Ethnologie (WS 2019)
https://moodle.lmu.de/course/view.php?id=5584
This article is an in-depth philosophy-historical discussion of the
subject of western episteme that is also dealt with in the present article
->aquinas . See these passages:
P. 288:
Solchermaßen erstreben wir, zwei
Ereignisse in der ,Geschichte der Wahrheit‘ aufeinander zu beziehen: das
Aufkommen der Wahrheitsbestimmung als adaequatio rei et intellectus im 13.
Jahrhundert - die klassische Formulierung der Korrespondenztheorie der Wahrheit
- und ihre Zurückweisung im 20. Jahrhundert.
P. 289:
Sowohl die A-Redaktion als auch
die C-Redaktion des Durandischen Wahrheitstraktats behandeln die Wahrheitsfrage
im Kontext ihrer Lokalisation: „Ob die Wahrheit in den Dingen oder in der Seele
sei.“ Der Beantwortung geht in
P. 290:
beiden Redaktionen eine
Wesensbestimmung der Wahrheit voran, eine Antwort auf die Frage, was Wahrheit
ist (11). Das Wo und das Was sind, trotz der mannigfachen Verschiebungen,
Änderungen und Umstellungen, die sich zwischen den beiden Fassungen der
Wahrheitsspekulation ausmachen lassen, regelmäßig miteinander verbunden.
Durandus schließt sich in beiden Redaktionen der im 13. Jahrhundert klassisch
gewordenen Wahrheitsbestimmung an, derzufolge die Wahrheit eine Angleichung des
Verstandes an die Sache („adaequatio intellectus ad rem“) sei.
P. 291:
Durandus ist darauf bedacht, die
Adaequatio-Formel von jeder Suggestion einer realen Inhärenz der Sache im
Verstand fernzuhalten. Zunächst leugnet er, daß sich die von der
Adaequatio-Formel bezeichnete Angleichung auf den Verstand als solchen und die
Sache bezieht, denn in ihrem Sein sind der Verstand und der Baum in der
Außenwelt völlig ungleichförmig: Der eine ist ein unstoffliches Vermögen, der
andere ein stoffliches Ding. Es handelt sich also um eine Angleichung zwischen
der Sache und etwas, das im Verstande ist (16). Gemäß der im Laufe des 13.
Jahrhunderts klassisch gewordenen Erkenntnistheorie, zum Beispiel der des
Thomas von Aquin, wird die similitudo der Sache dem Verstande präsent im Modus
einer species intelligibilis, einer aktual erkennbaren Form (17).
7. Zentrale Theorien nach 1945
https://moodle.lmu.de/mod/book/view.php?id=226747&chapterid=23172
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://moodle.lmu.de/pluginfile.php/393016/mod_book/chapter/23172/Reinhardt_2008.pdf
[Accessed: 2019-11-20]
The conclusion of this article is that it is necessary to find more
avenues to represent and transmit the embodied or somatic or tacit knowledge of
humanity. The western science approach is too much focused on a purely
dis-embodied cognitive knowledge which is an "as-if" construct that
pretends that the pure spirit of the intellectus somehow reigns supreme above
the "conditio humana" of the feeling and experiencing human soul.
Partly this condition is caused by the disembodied approach of a theologically
dominated western philosophy that still runs in the tracks of the idealistic
philosophy of Platon. Another reason is that the Christian heritage of western
thought is burdened by the body-denial of the Christian church. Also, a further
main factor is that there is an over-arching dominance of visual metaphors, and
the dominance of the written word. Such possible sciences as that of smell,
taste, haptics, and kinesthetics are difficult to integrate into scientific
text books and university curricula. The legacy of music, song, and dance of
the so-called "indigenous" people should be more in the focus of the
sciences, especially for the academic discipline of Cultural Anthropology or
Ethnology as it is called in German. The present approach in this work is to
open some uncharted avenues of the Living Feeling Experience.
There are some suggestions to make: Every university curriculum of
Cultural Anthropology should include a few dance lessons. Because it is
impossible to know anything about dancing before one has done it. This is the
embodied incarnated knowledge. And one has to sing, before one has any idea
what it means to sing something, and this is long before one learns to speak
something. A mother sings for her child long before she speaks to the child.
The basic knowledge of "being in the world" is imparted by song. This
is the essence of a mythology that was sung long before it was printed in a
written word.
Eco, Umberto: The Search
for the Perfect Language,
transl. James Fentress, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, (1995)
Heiser, Sabine, ed. Gedächtnisparagone - intermediale Konstellationen, Göttingen, V&R Unipress, (2010), ISBN/ISSN/ISMN 9783899715545
https://www.amazon.de/Ged%C3%A4chtnisparagone-Intermediale-Konstellationen-Formen-Erinnerung/dp/3899715543 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.vr-elibrary.de/isbn/9783899715545 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.vr-elibrary.de/author/B%C3%B6hme%2C+Hartmut [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7788/figurationen-2015-0105 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.14220/9783847098041.25 [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
Hartmut Boehme writes a passage about "adequatio verbum ad
res". ->aquinas
This will be referenced later.
Bohanna, Laura: Shakespeare in the Bush: An American anthropologist set
out to study the Tiv of West Africa and was taught the true meaning of Hamlet.
Published on Natural History Magazine Aug./Sept. (1966)
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/picks-from-the-past/12476/shakespeare-in-the-bush
[Accessed: 2019-10-24]
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/print/476 [Accessed: 2019-10-24]
Most of the literature referenced can be found here:
http://www.noologie.de/denk-bib.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
http://www.noologie.de/denk-bib.htm [Accessed: 2019-11-20]
[2] Edmund T. Rolls: The neuronal
representation of information in the human brain.
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes(i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.[8]