1. Introduction
I will give, as introduction, a vista from some passages of
Gotthard Günther's works, where he draws up a grand cultural morphological
perspective, reminiscent of the "Objektive Geist" of Hegel, and of the vistas
presented by Spengler, continuing these thought systems in the tradition of
Goethe's morphology.
Günther (1978: 114): Die
Bewußtseinsgeschichte des Abendlandes und der weltgeschichtlichen Epoche,
der Europa angehört, ist zu Ende. Das zweiwertige Denken hat alle seine
inneren Möglichkeiten erschöpft, und dort wo sich bereits neue
spirituelle Grundstellungen zu entwickeln beginnen, werden sie gewaltsam in dem
alten längst zu eng gewordenen klassischen Schema interpretiert. Man kann
eben eine alte Logik nicht ablegen wie ein fadenscheinig gewordenes Kleid. Der
Übergang von der klassisch-Aristotelischen Gestalt des Denkens zu einer
neuen und umfassenderen theoretischen Bewußtseinslage erfordert eine
seelische
Metamorphose
[1] des
gesamten Menschen. Einer nicht-Aristotelischen Logik muß ein
trans-Aristotelischer Menschentypus entsprechen und dem letzteren wieder eine
neue Dimension menschlicher Geschichte.
-
The spiritual history of the Occident and
the world historical epoch to which Europe belongs, is over. The two-valued
thought has exhausted all its inner potential, and where a development of buds
of new spiritual frameworks is happening, it is forcefully interpreted in the
old and over-rigid classical schema. One cannot take off an old logic, like one
removes a worn out garment. The transition from the classical-Aristotelian form
of thought to a new and more comprehensive theoretical condition of
consciousness necessitates a spiritual metamorphosis of the whole human being.
Corresponding to a non-Aristotelian logic, there must be a trans-Aristotelian
Type of human, and corresponding to this, a new dimension of human history. (AG
translation)
Günther (1980: 15): Die Antike ist
nicht der Anfang der klassischen Bewußtseinsverfassung des menschlichen
Ichs, sondern der Abschluß und die geistige Liquidation einer
welthistorischen Epoche von solchem Ausmaß, daß neben ihr die etwa
zweiundeinhalbtausend Jahre zwischen Thales und uns Heutigen nur als kurzes und
flüchtiges Zwischenspiel vor dem endgültigen Beginn der nächsten
großen universalgeschichtlichen Periode erscheinen.
-
The classical Antiquity is not the
beginning of the classical condition of the human I-consciousness, but the
closure and spiritual liquidation of a world historical epoch of such an immense
extent, that those about 2500 years between Thales and our present time appear
merely as a short and evanescent interlude befor the final begin of the next
universal macro-history
epoch
[2]. (AG
translation)
Günther
(1976:
xi): Worum es sich hier handelt, ist folgendes: die klassisch-zweiwertige
Rationalität, unser kostbares Erbe von den Griechen, ist die
Rationalität des menschlichen Bewußtseins. So denkt der Mensch in
seinen natürlichen, entspannten Gehirnfunktionen. Die hier möglichen
Denkvollzüge kommen "von selbst"... In einem sich auf dieser Grundlagen
entwickelnden Weltbild begreift der Mensch sein eigenes vernünftiges Wesen.
Das ist entwicklungsgeschichtlich erst einmal notwendig. Und solange diese
Bewußtseinshaltung nicht - wie in der klassischen Metaphysik - mit
Absolutheits- und Finalitätsansprüchen auftritt, ist sie voll zu
bejahen. Der Übergang zum Nicht-Aristotelischen schließt eine
Selbstentthronung des Menschen ein.
Günther
(1976:
xii): Sie impliziert, daß der Mensch keineswegs die spirituelle Krone der
Schöpfung ist und daß jenseits seiner Existenz noch ungeahnte
Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten jenes rätselhaften Phänomens liegen,
das wir Leben nennen. Die bisherige Tradition hat sie in den Mythos vom "Ewigen
Leben" zusammengefaßt und dadurch aus der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung
ausgeschlossen...
Das Universum "denkt" in aristotelischen
Kategorien nur dort, wo es sich um Totes handelt. Es ist der Tod, den der Mensch
in sich fühlt und dem er nicht entfliehen kann, es sei denn, er gibt sich
selbst auf...
A discussion of the assumption that
Günther
makes in the above passage would involve a
demonstration that the human thought processes that he refers to: "denkt der
Mensch in seinen natürlichen, entspannten Gehirnfunktionen", are not
dictated by natural necessities
[3], but by a
cultural formation that had taken many millennia to concresce, and that is so
habitual that it is almost impossible to imagine any other possibility. As will
be shown further down (PRATITYA_SAMUTPADA), the
relation-process concept
of the
Paticca Samuppada of Buddhist philosophy presents such an
"alternative" world view.
Günther
(1976:
xiii): Es ist die Überzeugung des Verfassers, daß eine neue
Groß-Epoche der Philosophie in Vorbereitung ist, die von der Voraussetzung
ausgeht, daß der Gegensatz Idealismus und Materialismus philosophisch
irrelevant geworden ist. D.h. die neue Philosophie ... wird ... die
Legitimität jener Urfragen negieren, aus denen alles philosophische Leben
bisher erwachsen ist.
-
It is the conviction of the author that a
new macro epoch of philosophy is in the making, which is based on the
presupposition that the opposition of idealism and materialism has become
philosophically irrelevant. I.e. that the new philosophy ... will ... negate the
legitimacy of all those fundamental questions from which philosophical life has
formerly been derived. (AG translation)
Günther
(1976:
xiv-xv): Es ist trivial und selbstverständlich, daß jener
Reflexionsprozess, den wir Geschichte nennen, uns allein durch das menschliche
Bewußtsein zur Erkenntnis kommt. Aber daraus zu schließen, daß
die Geschichte schon in ihren elementarsten Grundlagen menschliche Züge
trägt und eben Geschichte des Menschen und nichts weiter ist, zeugt von
einem Lokalpatriotismus des menschlichen Gehirns, der nicht mehr zu
übertreffen ist. ... eine transklassische Logik ist eine Logik des
geschichtlichen Prozesses, in dem das Subjekt der Geschichte Leben
überhaupt ist und nicht die ephemere und zufällige Gestalt, die
dasselbe im Menschen angenommen hat. Das tote Sein, dessen Logik uns die
aristotelische Tradition gegeben hat, hat keine Geschichte. Deshalb haben wir
heute eine Technik, die jenes schon von Mythologemen befreite Denkbare ins
Machbare übergeführt hat. Und deshalb stehen wir historischen
Prozessen heute noch genauso hilflos gegenüber wie vor 10.000
Jahren
[4].
Günther
(1976:
xv): Es geht gegen alle Instinkte einzusehen, daß die Geistesgeschichte
nicht mit dem Menschen beginnt - er ist nur das vorläufig allerletzte
Reflexionsphänomen - sie beginnt vielmehr in jenem Urereignis, in dem Leben
aus dem Toten zu sprossen begann. Darum scheidet der auch heute noch sehr
unterschätzte Schelling zwischen einer Urgeschichte und dem, was unser
Vordergrundinteresse Geschichte nennt.
-
It is against all instincts to presume that
the history of the mind has its beginning with the hman - he is only the
preliminarily ultimate reflexion phenomenon - rather, it starts with that
primordial happening when life budded from amongst the lifeless. It is for this
reason that the still much undervalued Schelling makes a sharp distinction
between an archae-history, and what our superficial interest calls
history. (AG translation)
Günther
(1979,
p. 184): Um einen neuen, echten Formalismus an die Stelle eines alten zu setzen,
muß man vorerst ein neues ontologisches Wirklichkeitsbild besitzen. Die
Formalisierung eines solchen Wirklichkeitsbildes gibt dann automatisch eine neue
Logik als sekundäres Derivat. Der umgekehrte Weg ist nicht möglich."
-
"To put a new, true formalism in place of
an old one, one has to first have a new ontological world model. The
formalization of such a world model results in a new logics as secondary
derivation. The reverse approach is not possible". (AG
translation)
In this passage, Gotthard Günther speaks of a "new
ontological world model" that one needs to have before one can arrive at a new
formalism. Yet in all his works, Günther still tries to derive his new
construct from the traditional dualistic Aristotelian view of an ontic reality
that occupies the (one-and-only) positive logical value and allows only a
negative subjective reflection of that primary ontic reality. With the present
work I seek to break with that limitation and to construct a fundamental
multi-valued ontology based a priori on the triadic principle. The salient issue
of the present work is the "
reality of society" or the "
reality of
the historical process", and the
dimension in which that
reality
may be
positioned. We may also call this an inversion of the original
approach of Gotthard Günther, who sought to construct a logical place
system of several types of
negation, and I am
positioning here
several types of
position, ie. several possible positive values. This
bears, as I believe, a connection to Heidegger
's work
"Sein und Zeit" (1977). Because the only dimension that any "alternate reality"
may have, is temporal
[5], and Gotthard
Günther states this in many ways throughout his works. (See also the
following quotations). But Günther also expresses the view that Heidegger's
approach is highly problematic in the context of his work, and because the
material presented here is already very large and involved, I have decided not
to enlarge here on the discussion of the parallels to Heidegger's
work.
Wiener
(1982:
161-162): That system which more than all others should contribute to social
homeostasis is thrown directly into the hands of those most concerned in the
game of power and money, which we have already seen to be one of the chief
anti-homeostatic elements in the community. It is no wonder then that the larger
communities, subject to this disruptive influence, contain far less communally
available information than the smaller communities, to say nothing of the human
elements of which all communities are built up. Like the wolf pack, although let
us hope to a lesser extent, the State is stupider than most of its
components...
They are certain that our control over our
material environment has far outgrown our control over our social environment
and our understanding thereof.
As Norbert Wiener states it, the success of the positivistic
and materialistic "natural" sciences
[6] has
created a gross imbalance of (presently non-existant) societal control of the
techno-capitalistic historical process. When Wiener wrote "Cybernetics" in 1948,
the explosive influence of autonomous technological machinery was just barely
discernible for such visionary spirits as he and Gotthard
Günther
were. (Whose book "Das Bewußtsein
der Maschinen" (1957) could be positioned on the same level as Wiener's work,
even though it is much less known). Presently, 50 years, and one human lifetime,
later, we witness a general global breakdown of the social fabric that has been
brought about by the unchecked expansion of computerized world
techno-capitalism. The main problem is that apparently no-one of those who are
riding this wave of "power and money" (Wiener
, above),
nor of those who are being swept away by it (Forrester
1997), have any useful conceptual tool for understanding the run-away process
that is now engulfing this planet with the force and momentum of a tidal wave.
The exclusive attention of Western science and technology on the positivistic
Aristotelian world model brings about a complete oblivion of the dynamics of the
socio-technological processes that are driving the global system in its present
techno-capitalistic framework.
The categories of the Aristotelian system don't allow for an
ontological place of the societal processes, as the sole ontological (positive)
place is positioned on the static and dead material, physical element, that is
falsely and misleadingly called "nature" by positivistic, materialistic
"natural" science, because Nature, as I understand it, in the Goethean
sense, is neither dead nor static. By the static materialistic position, the
dynamic life aspect of nature is exorcised, and consequently, all our
technological and commercial enterprises turn out to be "merchant ventures of
dealing in death". As Goethe described it so succinctly in his Faust (1972:
1936-1939):
Wer will was Lebendigs erkennen und
beschreiben,
Sucht erst den Geist heraus zu
treiben,
Dann hat er die Teile in seiner
Hand,
Fehlt leider! nur das geistige
Band.
In the present work, I seek to trace the legacy of Goethe's
morphology through various schools of thought, focusing on the cultural
morphology as it was formulated by Leo Frobenius, Ruth Benedict, Oswald
Spengler, and Gotthard Günther. This I seek to continue here, under
consideration of those approaches derived from natural sciences, namely biology
and general systems theory (Whitehead, Bertalanffy, Laszlo, Maturana, Varela),
which may be called
crypto-morphological, since they don't overtly use
the term, even though their lineage of thought can be traced back to Goethe's
ideas. These various approaches can be brought into a unified focus of vision (a
Gestalt) by (hypothetically) applying the (as yet not formally
existent
[7]) logics of history, as a logics of
pattern, and of cognition, that has been formulated in the psychological Gestalt
schools and the constructivist and autopoietic schools in the range of Maturana,
Glasersfeld, and Luhmann.
[1] This is also called
meta-noia in the present context.
[2] In the Indian Vedic
context, those grand epochs are called "Yuga". The current epoch is the Kali
Yuga. Thompson, Vedic Cosmography, 19: the astronomical date of the beginning of
the Kali Yuga, set exactly "at midnight on the meridian of Ujjan in India on
February 18, 3102 B.C.".
[3] Also called the
ratiomorphic apparatus of cognition RMA according to Riedl and
Brunsvik.
[4] See also the reference to
Wiener above.
[5] If it is not to be
altogether mystical and esoteric
[6] Or more correctly, the
technological and capitalist power complexes that apply scientific methods and
rely on the natural science training system in the universities for staffing
their research and production organizations.
[7] Hegel's attempt as the
hitherto most comprehensive approach to be rejected on formal grounds, as
discussed by Günther in his works.