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INFRASTRUCTURES OF REPRESENTATION:
A QUEST FOR MULTIMEDIAL SYMBOLIZATION SYSTEMS






AG-Text-Code: DENK-WR.DOC
Copyright © Andreas Goppold, 1995-1996



Nur immer zu! Wir wollen es ergründen: In deinem Nichts hoff ich das All zu finden.

Forward ho, on our way towards the ultimate grounds!
In your voids do I hope to find the universe.
GOETHE-FAUST , Faust II, 6256


@:HERAKLIT
Ean mae elpaetai anelpiston ouk exeiraesei, anexereinaeton eon kai aporon

If you don't aim for the unexpected and the unthinkable, you will never find it:
for it is untraceable and inaccessible.
HERAKLIT , B18

The one who speaks the truth: His word is the law of the universe.
N.N.


Introductory Note

This work is a projection of what could become of human thinking and understanding if the hypermedia revolution were to continue for the next 20 to 50 years on a carefully planned path whose main directions are outlined here. For humanity is now at a historical crossroads, a moment of historical decisiveness like it appeared 500 years ago with the invention of the printing press, or 5000 years ago when writing was invented. The technology of writing has influenced and changed humanity profoundly, and even if we owe practically all our civilization to writing, we have also paid a high price. Non-verbal and non-conceptual thinking (or mentation) has been largely pushed into oblivion. Therefore this work is also paradoxical: It tries to put in written words something that humanity has lost when we all came to rely too much on the written word. Nowadays, we can use hypermedia technology to give a much more enriching representation of the things I am describing verbally. This would be the task of a a large and long-term project I am proposing: the construction of the Symbolator. Here, the written word serves as scaffolding, as outline, to point to something which it in itself can never yield: Give us back, what 5000 years of civilization word use and abuse have robbed humanity of: The immediate look-and-feel of dealing with the things themselves, instead of just talking about them with possibly empty words, phrases, and formalisms. This has to do with a change of perspective, a new way of perception. I will have to use some creative speculation to fill in details which are at present not possible to verify scientifically. To give a full verification of all the parts of the argument in accord with all the procedures of the many academic disciplines involved, would be impossible. This text is not a finished book. It is in a constant process of update, modification, and change. Still, I do my best to present it in a coherent fashion, with table of contents and index. Better, it ought to be seen as a starting nucleus for a multimedia hypertext system, not a book any more. Therefore the text may seem incomplete. You will find sections missing, and thoughts unfinished. What I do hope, though, is that an essence of my ideas will filter through. I hope to present something that, even in this unfinished stage, will outline the essential points, the essential aims, and the essential means.

Deutsche Einführung zu "Infrastructures of Representation"

"Infrastructures of Representation" skizziert ein kybernetisches Weltmodell einer post-alphabetischen Menschheit, die sich mitten im Entwicklungssprung von einer Geschichte von 5000 Jahren der Schriftzivilisationen zu einer neuen Epoche hypermedial gestützter Denktechnologien befindet. Die sich entwickelnden Hypermedia-Technologien sind im Begriff, die fundamentalen Modi unseres Denkens und Selbstverständnisses zu redefinieren. Die Menschheit ist heute an einer historischen Wendemarke, ähnlich der Entwicklung vor 500 Jahren, als die Druckerpresse erfunden wurde, oder, in den Auswirkungen noch mehr zu vergleichen, der Zeit vor 5000 Jahren, als die Schriften erfunden wurden. Die Technologie der Schrift hat die Menschheit gravierend beeinflusst und verändert, und obwohl wir unsere Gesamte Zivilisation der Schrift-Technologie verdanken, haben wir als Menschheit auch einen hohen Preis dafür bezahlt. Nonverbale, und nicht-konzeptuelle Modi des Denkens, oder besser, der Mentation, sind vergessen und verdrängt worden. Daher hat dieses Werk auch einen paradoxen Aspekt: Es versucht mit geschriebenen Worten etwas auszudrücken und zu formulieren, das die Menschheit verloren hat, als wir uns zu sehr auf die Technologie des geschriebenen Wortes gestützt haben.

Die neue Era der hypermedia-gestützten Denkstrukturen wird auch in der Weise, wie wir die Welt erleben und verstehen, fundamentale Änderungen bringen. Wenn das Denken sich ändert, dann ändern sich auch die Dinge. Dies war schon vor 150 Jahren von Arthur Schopenhauer formuliert worden. Wenn Arthur Schopenhauer heute aufgefordert würde, den Inhalt seines Hauptwerks in zeitgemäßer Sprache auszudrücken, dann würde er diese Formulierung wählen: "Alle Realität ist Virtuell!". Und er würde mit heutigem Vokabular seine Begriffe "Wille" und "Vorstellung" gegen moderne Begriffe aus dem Vokabular der Kybernetik austauschen. Und dann hieße sein Hauptwerk heute: "The Universe as Impulsity and Representation". Das kann man dann ohne Schwierigkeiten in Deutsch übersetzen: "Die Welt als Impulsität und Repräsentation". Dies wäre auch ohne Übersetzung auf der ganzen Welt verständlich. Und dieser Titel würde nicht dem sofortigen Vergessen verfallen, wie sein Originalwerk. Wir können mit dem Begriff "Impulsity" den Teil bezeichnen, den Schopenhauer "Wille" genannt hat. Und die "Representation" ist seine "Vorstellung". Natürlich müßte Schopenhauer auch einiges der kybernetischen Infrastruktur liefern, die dem heutigen Vokabular entspricht. Dies wird mit "Infrastructures of Representation" übernommen, das aus den Ansätzen der Schopenhauerschen Philosophie eine ebenso neue, wie uralte Grundlagentheorie des Universums und des Menschlichen Erkennens ableitet. Es dreht sich um nicht weniger als die Überwindung des uralten Gegensatzes von Objektiv und Subjektiv. Der Spaltung der idealistischen und materialistischen Sicht der Welt, die auch Schopenhauer in seinem Werk zu überwinden suchte. Diese Arbeit kann heute, mit den Denk-Instrumentarium der Kybernetik, weitergeführt werden. Soweit jetzt schon ersichtlich ist, können wir sicher sein, daß so ziemlich alles, was die letzten 300 Jahre für die unbezweifelbaren Grundlagen unseres Universums gehalten hatte, auf den Kopf gestellt werden wird. Das heißt nicht, daß es dadurch überflüssig, oder gar als falsch erkannt wird. Ganz im Gegenteil: Es wird die physikalischen Gesetze in einer neuen, nicht geahnten Weise bestätigen, aber mittels einer Mentaltechnologie, die das Denken aus den Zwängen der Spaltung von Idealismus und Materialismus befreit. Schopenhauer hat es schon richtig gesehen: Das Universum ist Vorstellung, aber es ist Vorstellung im Sinne eines Theaters, das irgendjemand oder irgendetwas auf- und ausführt. Und das, was hier die "Infrastruktur der Repräsentation" genannt wird, wurde in der alten materialistischen Sprechweise als "physikalische Gesetze" bezeichnet. Auch das ist nicht falsch, ebenso wie die Newtonsche Gravitationstheorie nicht falsch ist. Sie ist lediglich ein Sonderfall. Die "Infrastruktur der Repräsentation" ist eine Informations-Infrastruktur. Und zwar in einer bisher nicht sichtbaren Definition von Information. Sie bildet zur bekannten Physik einen tragfähigen Unterbau, der alle ihre Gesetze logisch und wissenschaftlich ableitbar macht, damit nicht eine Metaphysik, sondern eine Hypophysik. So haben wir auch Descartes sein Recht gegeben, der in der Hypophyse den Sitz des Bewußtseins vermutete. Frei nach Radio Eriwan: Im Prinzip ja, aber es ist nicht das körperliche Organ, sondern die Hypostruktur der Physik, die Hypophysik, und es ist der Sitz des Bewußtseins, insofern, als daß das menschliche Bewußtsein homolog zu dieser Hypostruktur ist. Um mit Plato zu reden, der all das zumindest noch geahnt hat: "onoma homoion to pragmati" (Kratylos).

Aber wir wollen hier nicht gleich alles verraten, denn den Spaß, das Buch selber zu lesen, und auf Ihre eigene Entdeckungsreise durch die virtuellen Universen der Informations-Infrastrukturen der Realität zu gehen, wollen wir Ihnen nicht verderben.

Die neue Mentaltechnologie des Symbolators
Einige Ergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich vielleicht noch in Buchform fassen, aber gedruckte Worte sind bestenfalls Schattenbilder, so wie Plato in Phaidros gesagt hat: "Du meinst die lebende und beseelte Rede des wahrhaft Wissenden, von der man die geschriebene mit Recht wie ein Schattenbild ansehen könnte?". Das lebende und beseelte Wissen verliert etwas Entscheidendes, wenn es in das Druckbild gepresst wird. Da wir heute nicht mehr in den guten alten Zeiten von Plato leben [1], als der wissende Meister noch persönlich zu seinen Schülern sprechen konnte, müssen wir nach Möglichkeiten suchen, etwas von dem wiederzugewinnen, was die Menschheit mit den konventionellen sprachlichen, schriftlichen und formal-mathematischen Denkhilfsmitteln hat aufgeben müssen. Die heutige computerisierte Hypermedia-Technologie bietet uns dazu den Ansatz. Von dieser Basis her wird eine zukünftige Mentaltechnologie definiert, die im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes die Möglichkeiten transzendiert, die uns die Worte bieten. Sie bietet daher auch die Möglichkeit, die Beschränkungen des Denkens von Plato, des Altmeisters unserer Philosophie, zu überwinden. Denn Plato war auf die Prosa-Rede fixiert, und hatte schon einen Großteil des epischen Erbes seiner homerischen Vorväter vergessen. Auch dieses Erbe muß wiedererweckt werden, und wir können es mit der neuen Symbolatortechnologie erreichen. Dies ist die andere Seite der Spaltung zwischen Idealismus und Materialismus, für die Plato hauptsächlich mit verantwortlich ist. Und daher müssen wir, um die neuen Erkenntnisse der "Infrastructures of Representation" denken und anwenden zu können auch die neue Denktechnologie schaffen. Daher kann das Buch nur eine Einleitung sein, zu dieser neuen Mentaltechnologie des Symbolators, mit der wir unser Denken auf neue Ebenen heben können. Die Menschheit muß ihre alten, vertrauten Denk-Geleise verlassen, um zu wachsen, und wir haben keine Wahl. Wenn wir in den alten Strukturen verharren, werden wir den Weg der Saurier gehen, um vielleicht in einer Million Jahren im paläontologischen Raritätenkabinett irgendeiner galaktischen Superrasse bestaunt zu werden. Dieses Schicksal ist in jedem Fall unausweichlich. Die einzige Chance, die wir haben, ist, daß die Menschheit die Mutter dieser neuen Rasse sein kann. Und diese Rasse kann dann vielleicht auch wirklich Anspruch darauf erheben, "homo sapiens", der "weise Mensch" genannt zu werden.
(Ein Anspruch, der unserer jetzigen Rasse, die in Wirklichkeit "Neo-Neanderthaler", oder "Homo Tyrannus Rex" heißen sollte, höchstens zum Hohn gereicht. Diese heutige Menschheit hat als Kollektivwesen so gut wie alles verloren, was noch den Namen "Menschlichkeit" verdienen würde.)
Dafür hat die Menschheit noch genau eine Generation Zeit. Danach wird es heißen: "Tous jeux sont faits, rien ne va plus". Wollen wir wetten?

Overview table of contents
(omitted in the www version)


0.1. Abbreviations for frequently used Terms

AC : Ars Characteristica
ASCII : 7-bit code containing the basic American Standard alphanumeric codes.
This set can be displayed by the largest number of computers and printers on the globe.
CS : Character System or Characteristica
CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work.
CU : Characteristica Universalis
FCS : Formal Character System or Symbolic Machine
HM : Hypermedia
KRV : Kritik der Reinen Vernunft (KANT-KRITIK )
LLP : Leonardo Leibniz Projekt
MM : Multimedia.
OEM: Makes local configuration and adaptations of standardized products for special
user communities. Literal meaning: Original Equipment Manufacturer.
OO ,
OOP : Object orientation, Programming
Sch. : Schopenhauer
ST : Specialist or Scientific or Expert Thinker or Thinking
SW : Software
TLSI : Token List Subroutine Interpreter.
UL : Universal Language
UT : Universal Thinker or Universal Thinking
WWV : Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, BIB:SCHOPENHAUER

0.2. The Text Marks

You will find a few unusual character codings embedded in this text. These are for simulating hypertext functions with a conventional text editor (WinWord 2). Using the embedded hypertext marks allows this text to be readily converted into a hypertext with the appropriate filter tools.

0.2.1. Bibliography Marks
Bibliography entries are marked with capitals, like: SCHOPENHAUER. Sometimes, they are keyed with a BIB: -prefix, like BIB:SCHOPENHAUER or BIB-AG: (for bibliography entries of A. Goppold) prefix. These entries correspond to the keys under which they appear in the bibliography. The A. Goppold bibliography is a separate section at the end of the bibliography. I have put it there because I wanted to keep the temporal ordering of the works. And that would have conflicted with the alphabetical ordering of the rest of the bibliography.

You will also notice that I am somewhat unconventional in not following a strict ordering by author last name. This convention, while standard academic practice, is quite unnecessary when the bibliography ist just a database that can be sorted any which way one wants to. I have therefore grouped some works under a thematic key heading. The key system allows to build any collection that one would want to form. This is also with Hyper-G in mind.

0.2.2. Illustrations Marks
The illustrations are kept in the last section of this book. In the text, they are referred with a hypertext key: ILL:xxx, the xxx being an alphabetic code by which the illustrations are sorted in the illustrations section. They are also indexed under _ILL and can be looked up in the index.

0.2.3. Hypertext Marks
The Hypertext Marks serve to emulate the database structures that are needed for the hypertext system. These are the following:

@: marks a hypertext jump target or anchor
@:HYPERTEXT

->: marks a hypertext jump-to
e.g. ->: HYPERTEXT
@:HYPERTEXT

The ->: NAME-KEY has a page number in the printed text and a hypertext mark in the WWW version.

0.3. How To Read This Book

This is probably the greatest problem for anyone confronting a 500-page tome and being overwhelmed by the sheer mass of it. I have no good solution to the problem that today hardly anyone has the time any more to wade through hundreds of pages of verbal contortions. I have to write this account of my thoughts to give a documentation of where I had been, and how I got there. I hate to have other people wade through my verbiage as much as I dreaded to wade through thousands and thousands of pages of the collected verbiage of humanity to filter out those precious bits of knowing that I have now "between my ears". Of course, as I have already said, a hypermedia system would help a lot with this problem, but it costs many man years to bring all the material I have collected here into a suitable hypermedia representation. The infrastructure for this is not complete yet, and perhaps never will be.
See also: ->: THAUMAZEIN, p. 115.

But there is a lighter side. Don't despair, and don't throw out the text just for this reason. First: The core matter is in the first four chapters, the rest is appendix. About half of the appendix is in German, anyway, so non-german speaking readers don't need to bother with this. This cuts the book in about half. So how do you best go about filtering out that rest the issues that suit you most? There are several different, time tested methods to apply. Lets list them:

0.3.1. The Jesuite Hyper Jump - Or the pinprick trick
The simplest thing I suggest you do with this text is that you open it somewhere at random and start to read. Never read more than interests you.

The method is called the "Jesuite Hyper Jump" because the Jesuites, who were on the whole very smart people, who had invented the most important hypermedia principle long before one could think of computers and random access memory storage devices. (Except Pascal, Leibniz, and Father Bouvet, of course. But this is another story. [2]) The Jesuites had found out that if you use a pin and stick it somewhere at random between the pages of the bible, and you open it, and read what's on that page, it will invariably give you the exact answer to all the questions that are bothering you at the moment. Of course that secret was never told outside the Jesuite circles, it was part of their secret spiritual weaponry with which they were so long successful as the spiritual elite troops of the Pope. [3] I have tried the trick myself, only to find out that it never worked for me. Only after long research I found out why it invariably worked for the Jesuites and not for me. First, you have to believe in the kind of God that the bible tries to impose on you as the one-and-only one there is. If you don't you are out of luck. Then, you should have a bible written in Greek, and you should know Greek as well as your mother tongue. This the Jesuites certainly did. It also works in Latin, but Greek is better. Of course, you must also be schooled in certain patterns of Jesuite Logic, and you won't get that outside the Jesuite circles either. If you know Sanskrit, you can do the same with the Rg Veda, or with the Bhagavad Gita, you can do it with the Koran, if you can read classical Arabic, or the Tora, if you read Hebrew, and so on. [4] But you should be very careful with modern language translations. [5] More on this in: ->: ONOMA_SEMEPHON, p. 369.

0.3.2. Systematic methods
This is why I have included the "database section" and why it is so important. One of the little tricks that I found out while experimenting with outlining techniques is that if you write as many headings as I do, you arrive at a kind of short story of the book in the collected "detailed table of contents". So you can go through this section first, and look up subjects that interest you. If you then want to go on to other, related chapters, you can follow the Hypertext jumps. Since they are bi-directional, you can also follow a jump backwards, to come to material that relates to any subject matter. The same thing can be done with the index. Just find words in the index that seem to be of interest to you and read the relating chapters. You will find entry points that are suited to your tastes.

0.3.3. Picking the grapes: The essential structuring method
@:OUTLINES
This is called so because the structure of this book is like a grape. You can go on picking each paragraph one by one, without having to go through any prescribed sequence. If you think you don't want to read one paragraph, just skip to another one. The outline structure corresponds to the risp of the grape, and each paragraph corresponds to a berry. The content of each paragraph corresponds roughly to the idea of its headline. The connection is not systematic, and as you notice, I often chose headlines that are modeled in style after newspaper headlines. Why not apply the information methods of newspapers to books also? There is a lot of know-how involved in designing good headlines, and the newspaper journalists know very much about that.

Unfortunately, scientific and philosophical writers often consider it below their dignity to write headlines. Shopenhauer may be the most extreme case. He writes only four headlines in his whole work, and they are absolutely uninformative: Erstes Buch, Zweites Buch... (first book, second book...). This forces you to wade through all his verbiage because you have not the slightest idea what is written in all this verbal morass until you have read it all. I consider this close to mental rape. Today the fundamental requirement of anything presented in writing is that there must be a structure that gives an indication what you are about to read, before you have to read it itself. This was already executed with the most exquisite craftsmanship by John Locke in his essay "Of human understanding". The way how he wrote it and structured it, should be a stringent minimal structuring principle for all literature that asserts to be scientific. Unfortunately that is rarely the case.

Even though I am not formally systematic about it, I have taken care that there is usually not more talked about in the paragraph, than what I have outlined in the title. This is a subtle dialectic, and if you follow it for a while, I believe you will get the hang of it. This is a technique that I haven't be able to find in any other book so far. I believe, that it would improve the art of book writing about 100% if this technique were widely pracised. With modern word processors supporting the outlining technique, there is no problem at all using the method. And it would make the fast reading of books so much more efficient than it is now.

0.3.4. Never try to read the book cover to cover
This is the most exasperating and frustrating way to go about the reading. I have had to order the material in some way that seems logical to me today, and the same structure is entirely contraproductive tomorrow. I am quite glad I have the WinWord outline feature which allows me to move around whole sections of the book to different places, and I have used it often. I don't know how people in earlier ages could have written books without it. To choose an outline before writing confines you to one specific structure. If you know exactly what you are going to write, that is fine. But that is not the case with this book. This is the report of an ongoing work that is updated regularly. And if I get new insights, I must be able to change the structure of what I am writing.


INFRASTRUCTURES OF REPRESENTATION:
A QUEST FOR MULTIMEDIAL SYMBOLIZATION SYSTEMS


[1]Leider sind diese "guten alten Zeiten", wie alle anderen auch, reine Fiktion, denn in Platos Jugend fiel die große soziale Katastrophe des Griechentums, der pelloponesische Krieg, der Griechenland als ausgeblutete Ruine hinterließ. Platos Denken war schon Spätzeitdenken.
[2] Pascal hated Jesuites, Leibniz was protestant, but had good connections to them, and Father Bouvet was a Jesuite missionary in China and correponded with Leibniz.
[3] Of course I am only kidding. This trick was well known to all priests and missionaries of all religions throughout all the ages. It is an old mantic custom which relies on the law of synchrony which is at the base of spiritual belief systems.
[4] Each of those religious cultures (Hindu, Islam, Jewish) also had training methods to employ analogous kinds of logic like the Jesuite. Best known in the West is the Jewish Talmud logic, and by many accounts, the Jewish experts are even better at their task than the Jesuites.
[5] Some people claim they can work with modern language translations, but I believe that they are just fooling themselves and others. The English King James version and the German Luther version of the bible were deliberately composed to achieve definite mind machinations with which I am not too happy. This is the old traduttore - traditore dilemma. Modern languages have totally different association networks, so called "embedded ontologies", than archaic languages. And religious / spritual texts rely on the old association networks. A good explanation of the phenomenon can be found in Schopenhauer's discussion on Religion.

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