INFRASTRUCTURES OF REPRESENTATION:
A QUEST FOR MULTIMEDIAL SYMBOLIZATION
SYSTEMS
AG-Text-Code: DENK-WR.DOC
Copyright © Andreas Goppold, 1995-1996
Nur immer zu! Wir wollen es ergründen: In deinem
Nichts hoff ich das All zu finden.
Forward ho, on our way towards the ultimate grounds!
In your voids do I hope to find the
universe.
GOETHE-FAUST
, Faust II,
6256
Ean mae elpaetai anelpiston ouk exeiraesei,
anexereinaeton eon kai aporon
If you don't aim for the unexpected and the unthinkable,
you will never find it:
for it is untraceable and
inaccessible.
The one who speaks the truth: His word is the law of the
universe.
N.N.
Introductory Note
This work is a projection of what could become of human
thinking and understanding if the hypermedia revolution were to continue for the
next 20 to 50 years on a carefully planned path whose main directions are
outlined here. For humanity is now at a historical crossroads, a moment of
historical decisiveness like it appeared 500 years ago with the invention of the
printing press, or 5000 years ago when writing was invented. The technology of
writing has influenced and changed humanity profoundly, and even if we owe
practically all our civilization to writing, we have also paid a high price.
Non-verbal and non-conceptual thinking (or mentation) has been largely pushed
into oblivion. Therefore this work is also paradoxical: It tries to put in
written words something that humanity has lost when we all came to rely too much
on the written word. Nowadays, we can use hypermedia technology to give a
much more enriching representation of the things I am describing verbally. This
would be the task of a a large and long-term project I am proposing: the
construction of the Symbolator. Here, the written word serves as
scaffolding, as outline, to point to something which it in itself can
never yield: Give us back, what 5000 years of civilization word use and abuse
have robbed humanity of: The immediate look-and-feel of dealing with the things
themselves, instead of just talking about them with possibly empty words,
phrases, and formalisms. This has to do with a change of perspective, a new
way of perception. I will have to use some creative speculation to fill in
details which are at present not possible to verify scientifically. To give a
full verification of all the parts of the argument in accord with all the
procedures of the many academic disciplines involved, would be impossible. This
text is not a finished book. It is in a constant process of update,
modification, and change. Still, I do my best to present it in a coherent
fashion, with table of contents and index. Better, it ought to be seen as a
starting nucleus for a multimedia hypertext system, not a book any more.
Therefore the text may seem incomplete. You will find sections missing, and
thoughts unfinished. What I do hope, though, is that an essence of my ideas
will filter through. I hope to present something that, even in this unfinished
stage, will outline the essential points, the essential aims, and the essential
means.
Deutsche Einführung zu "Infrastructures of Representation"
"Infrastructures of Representation" skizziert ein
kybernetisches Weltmodell einer post-alphabetischen Menschheit, die sich mitten
im Entwicklungssprung von einer Geschichte von 5000 Jahren der
Schriftzivilisationen zu einer neuen Epoche hypermedial gestützter
Denktechnologien befindet. Die sich entwickelnden Hypermedia-Technologien sind
im Begriff, die fundamentalen Modi unseres Denkens und Selbstverständnisses
zu redefinieren. Die Menschheit ist heute an einer historischen Wendemarke,
ähnlich der Entwicklung vor 500 Jahren, als die Druckerpresse erfunden
wurde, oder, in den Auswirkungen noch mehr zu vergleichen, der Zeit vor 5000
Jahren, als die Schriften erfunden wurden. Die Technologie der Schrift hat die
Menschheit gravierend beeinflusst und verändert, und obwohl wir unsere
Gesamte Zivilisation der Schrift-Technologie verdanken, haben wir als Menschheit
auch einen hohen Preis dafür bezahlt. Nonverbale, und nicht-konzeptuelle
Modi des Denkens, oder besser, der Mentation, sind vergessen und verdrängt
worden. Daher hat dieses Werk auch einen paradoxen Aspekt: Es versucht mit
geschriebenen Worten etwas auszudrücken und zu formulieren, das die
Menschheit verloren hat, als wir uns zu sehr auf die Technologie des
geschriebenen Wortes gestützt haben.
Die neue Era der hypermedia-gestützten Denkstrukturen
wird auch in der Weise, wie wir die Welt erleben und verstehen, fundamentale
Änderungen bringen. Wenn das Denken sich ändert, dann ändern sich
auch die Dinge. Dies war schon vor 150 Jahren von Arthur Schopenhauer formuliert
worden. Wenn Arthur Schopenhauer heute aufgefordert würde, den Inhalt
seines Hauptwerks in zeitgemäßer Sprache auszudrücken, dann
würde er diese Formulierung wählen: "Alle Realität ist
Virtuell!". Und er würde mit heutigem Vokabular seine Begriffe "Wille" und
"Vorstellung" gegen moderne Begriffe aus dem Vokabular der Kybernetik
austauschen. Und dann hieße sein Hauptwerk heute: "The Universe as
Impulsity and Representation". Das kann man dann ohne Schwierigkeiten in Deutsch
übersetzen: "Die Welt als Impulsität und Repräsentation". Dies
wäre auch ohne Übersetzung auf der ganzen Welt verständlich. Und
dieser Titel würde nicht dem sofortigen Vergessen verfallen, wie sein
Originalwerk. Wir können mit dem Begriff "Impulsity" den Teil bezeichnen,
den Schopenhauer "Wille" genannt hat. Und die "Representation" ist seine
"Vorstellung". Natürlich müßte Schopenhauer auch einiges der
kybernetischen Infrastruktur liefern, die dem heutigen Vokabular entspricht.
Dies wird mit "Infrastructures of Representation" übernommen, das aus den
Ansätzen der Schopenhauerschen Philosophie eine ebenso neue, wie uralte
Grundlagentheorie des Universums und des Menschlichen Erkennens ableitet. Es
dreht sich um nicht weniger als die Überwindung des uralten Gegensatzes von
Objektiv und Subjektiv. Der Spaltung der idealistischen und materialistischen
Sicht der Welt, die auch Schopenhauer in seinem Werk zu überwinden suchte.
Diese Arbeit kann heute, mit den Denk-Instrumentarium der Kybernetik,
weitergeführt werden. Soweit jetzt schon ersichtlich ist, können wir
sicher sein, daß so ziemlich alles, was die letzten 300 Jahre für die
unbezweifelbaren Grundlagen unseres Universums gehalten hatte, auf den Kopf
gestellt werden wird. Das heißt nicht, daß es dadurch
überflüssig, oder gar als falsch erkannt wird. Ganz im Gegenteil: Es
wird die physikalischen Gesetze in einer neuen, nicht geahnten Weise
bestätigen, aber mittels einer Mentaltechnologie, die das Denken aus den
Zwängen der Spaltung von Idealismus und Materialismus befreit. Schopenhauer
hat es schon richtig gesehen: Das Universum ist Vorstellung, aber es ist
Vorstellung im Sinne eines Theaters, das irgendjemand oder irgendetwas auf- und
ausführt. Und das, was hier die "Infrastruktur der Repräsentation"
genannt wird, wurde in der alten materialistischen Sprechweise als
"physikalische Gesetze" bezeichnet. Auch das ist nicht falsch, ebenso wie die
Newtonsche Gravitationstheorie nicht falsch ist. Sie ist lediglich ein
Sonderfall. Die "Infrastruktur der Repräsentation" ist eine
Informations-Infrastruktur. Und zwar in einer bisher nicht sichtbaren Definition
von Information. Sie bildet zur bekannten Physik einen tragfähigen
Unterbau, der alle ihre Gesetze logisch und wissenschaftlich ableitbar macht,
damit nicht eine Metaphysik, sondern eine Hypophysik. So haben wir
auch Descartes sein Recht gegeben, der in der Hypophyse den Sitz des
Bewußtseins vermutete. Frei nach Radio Eriwan: Im Prinzip ja, aber es ist
nicht das körperliche Organ, sondern die Hypostruktur der Physik, die
Hypophysik, und es ist der Sitz des Bewußtseins, insofern, als
daß das menschliche Bewußtsein homolog zu dieser Hypostruktur ist.
Um mit Plato zu reden, der all das zumindest noch geahnt hat: "onoma homoion to
pragmati" (Kratylos).
Aber wir wollen hier nicht gleich alles verraten, denn den
Spaß, das Buch selber zu lesen, und auf Ihre eigene Entdeckungsreise durch
die virtuellen Universen der Informations-Infrastrukturen der Realität zu
gehen, wollen wir Ihnen nicht verderben.
Die neue Mentaltechnologie des
Symbolators
Einige Ergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich vielleicht noch in
Buchform fassen, aber gedruckte Worte sind bestenfalls Schattenbilder, so wie
Plato in Phaidros gesagt hat: "Du meinst die lebende und beseelte Rede des
wahrhaft Wissenden, von der man die geschriebene mit Recht wie ein Schattenbild
ansehen könnte?". Das lebende und beseelte Wissen verliert etwas
Entscheidendes, wenn es in das Druckbild gepresst wird. Da wir heute nicht mehr
in den guten alten Zeiten von Plato leben
[1], als
der wissende Meister noch persönlich zu seinen Schülern sprechen
konnte, müssen wir nach Möglichkeiten suchen, etwas von dem
wiederzugewinnen, was die Menschheit mit den konventionellen sprachlichen,
schriftlichen und formal-mathematischen Denkhilfsmitteln hat aufgeben
müssen. Die heutige computerisierte Hypermedia-Technologie bietet uns dazu
den Ansatz. Von dieser Basis her wird eine zukünftige Mentaltechnologie
definiert, die im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes die Möglichkeiten
transzendiert, die uns die Worte bieten. Sie bietet daher auch die
Möglichkeit, die Beschränkungen des Denkens von Plato, des Altmeisters
unserer Philosophie, zu überwinden. Denn Plato war auf die Prosa-Rede
fixiert, und hatte schon einen Großteil des epischen Erbes seiner
homerischen Vorväter vergessen. Auch dieses Erbe muß wiedererweckt
werden, und wir können es mit der neuen Symbolatortechnologie erreichen.
Dies ist die andere Seite der Spaltung zwischen Idealismus und Materialismus,
für die Plato hauptsächlich mit verantwortlich ist. Und daher
müssen wir, um die neuen Erkenntnisse der "Infrastructures of
Representation" denken und anwenden zu können auch die neue Denktechnologie
schaffen. Daher kann das Buch nur eine Einleitung sein, zu dieser neuen
Mentaltechnologie des Symbolators, mit der wir unser Denken auf neue Ebenen
heben können. Die Menschheit muß ihre alten, vertrauten Denk-Geleise
verlassen, um zu wachsen, und wir haben keine Wahl. Wenn wir in den alten
Strukturen verharren, werden wir den Weg der Saurier gehen, um vielleicht in
einer Million Jahren im paläontologischen Raritätenkabinett
irgendeiner galaktischen Superrasse bestaunt zu werden. Dieses Schicksal ist in
jedem Fall unausweichlich. Die einzige Chance, die wir haben, ist, daß die
Menschheit die Mutter dieser neuen Rasse sein kann. Und diese Rasse kann dann
vielleicht auch wirklich Anspruch darauf erheben, "homo sapiens", der "weise
Mensch" genannt zu werden.
(Ein Anspruch, der unserer jetzigen Rasse, die in Wirklichkeit
"Neo-Neanderthaler", oder "Homo Tyrannus Rex" heißen sollte,
höchstens zum Hohn gereicht. Diese heutige Menschheit hat als
Kollektivwesen so gut wie alles verloren, was noch den Namen "Menschlichkeit"
verdienen würde.)
Dafür hat die Menschheit noch genau eine Generation Zeit.
Danach wird es heißen: "Tous jeux sont faits, rien ne va plus". Wollen wir
wetten?
Overview table of contents
(omitted in the www version)
0.1. Abbreviations for frequently used Terms
ASCII
: 7-bit code containing the basic
American Standard alphanumeric codes.
This set can be displayed by the largest number of computers
and printers on the globe.
CS
: Character
System
or Characteristica
CSCW
Computer Supported Cooperative
Work.
CU
: Characteristica
Universalis
FCS
: Formal Character System or Symbolic
Machine
KRV
: Kritik der Reinen Vernunft
(KANT-KRITIK
)
LLP
: Leonardo Leibniz
Projekt
OEM:
Makes local configuration and
adaptations of standardized products for special
user communities. Literal meaning: Original Equipment
Manufacturer.
OOP
: Object orientation, Programming
ST
: Specialist or Scientific or Expert
Thinker or Thinking
TLSI
: Token List Subroutine
Interpreter.
UT
: Universal Thinker or Universal
Thinking
WWV
: Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,
BIB:SCHOPENHAUER
0.2. The Text Marks
You will find a few unusual character codings embedded in this
text. These are for simulating hypertext functions with a conventional text
editor (WinWord 2). Using the embedded hypertext marks allows this text to be
readily converted into a hypertext with the appropriate filter tools.
0.2.1. Bibliography
Marks
Bibliography entries are marked with capitals, like:
SCHOPENHAUER. Sometimes, they are keyed with a BIB: -prefix, like
BIB:SCHOPENHAUER or BIB-AG: (for bibliography entries of A. Goppold) prefix.
These entries correspond to the keys under which they appear in the
bibliography. The A. Goppold bibliography is a separate section at the end of
the bibliography. I have put it there because I wanted to keep the temporal
ordering of the works. And that would have conflicted with the alphabetical
ordering of the rest of the bibliography.
You will also notice that I am somewhat unconventional in not
following a strict ordering by author last name. This convention, while standard
academic practice, is quite unnecessary when the bibliography ist just a
database that can be sorted any which way one wants to. I have therefore grouped
some works under a thematic key heading. The key system allows to build any
collection that one would want to form. This is also with Hyper-G in
mind.
0.2.2. Illustrations
Marks
The illustrations are kept in the last section of this book.
In the text, they are referred with a hypertext key: ILL:xxx, the
xxx being an alphabetic code by which the illustrations are sorted in the
illustrations section. They are also indexed under _ILL and can be looked up in
the index.
0.2.3. Hypertext
Marks
The Hypertext Marks serve to emulate the database structures
that are needed for the hypertext system. These are the following:
@: marks a hypertext jump target or anchor
->: marks a hypertext jump-to
The
->:
NAME-KEY has a page number in the
printed text and a hypertext mark in the WWW version.
0.3. How To Read This Book
This is probably the greatest problem for anyone confronting a
500-page tome and being overwhelmed by the sheer mass of it. I have no good
solution to the problem that today hardly anyone has the time any more to wade
through hundreds of pages of verbal contortions. I have to write this account of
my thoughts to give a documentation of where I had been, and how I got there. I
hate to have other people wade through my verbiage as much as I dreaded to wade
through thousands and thousands of pages of the collected verbiage of humanity
to filter out those precious bits of knowing that I have now "between my ears".
Of course, as I have already said, a hypermedia system would help a lot with
this problem, but it costs many man years to bring all the material I have
collected here into a suitable hypermedia representation. The infrastructure for
this is not complete yet, and perhaps never will be.
But there is a lighter side. Don't despair, and don't throw
out the text just for this reason. First: The core matter is in the first four
chapters, the rest is appendix. About half of the appendix is in German, anyway,
so non-german speaking readers don't need to bother with this. This cuts the
book in about half. So how do you best go about filtering out that rest the
issues that suit you most? There are several different, time tested methods to
apply. Lets list them:
0.3.1. The Jesuite Hyper Jump - Or
the pinprick trick
The simplest thing I suggest you do with this text is that you
open it somewhere at random and start to read. Never read more than interests
you.
The method is called the "Jesuite Hyper Jump" because the
Jesuites, who were on the whole very smart people, who had invented the most
important hypermedia principle long before one could think of computers and
random access memory storage devices. (Except Pascal, Leibniz, and Father
Bouvet, of course. But this is another story.
[2])
The Jesuites had found out that if you use a pin and stick it somewhere at
random between the pages of the bible, and you open it, and read what's on that
page, it will invariably give you the exact answer to all the questions that are
bothering you at the moment. Of course that secret was never told outside the
Jesuite circles, it was part of their secret spiritual weaponry with which they
were so long successful as the spiritual elite troops of the
Pope.
[3] I have tried the trick myself, only to
find out that it never worked for me. Only after long research I found out why
it invariably worked for the Jesuites and not for me. First, you have to believe
in the kind of God that the bible tries to impose on you as the one-and-only one
there is. If you don't you are out of luck. Then, you should have a bible
written in Greek, and you should know Greek as well as your mother tongue. This
the Jesuites certainly did. It also works in Latin, but Greek is better. Of
course, you must also be schooled in certain patterns of Jesuite Logic, and you
won't get that outside the Jesuite circles either. If you know Sanskrit, you can
do the same with the Rg Veda, or with the Bhagavad Gita, you can do it with the
Koran, if you can read classical Arabic, or the Tora, if you read Hebrew, and so
on.
[4] But you should be very careful with modern
language translations.
[5] More on this in:
->:
ONOMA_SEMEPHON, p. 369.
0.3.2. Systematic
methods
This is why I have included the "database section" and why it
is so important. One of the little tricks that I found out while experimenting
with outlining techniques is that if you write as many headings as I do, you
arrive at a kind of short story of the book in the collected "detailed table of
contents". So you can go through this section first, and look up subjects that
interest you. If you then want to go on to other, related chapters, you can
follow the Hypertext jumps. Since they are bi-directional, you can also follow a
jump backwards, to come to material that relates to any subject matter. The same
thing can be done with the index. Just find words in the index that seem to be
of interest to you and read the relating chapters. You will find entry points
that are suited to your tastes.
0.3.3. Picking the grapes: The
essential structuring method
This is called so because the structure of this book is like a
grape. You can go on picking each paragraph one by one, without having to go
through any prescribed sequence. If you think you don't want to read one
paragraph, just skip to another one. The outline structure corresponds to the
risp of the grape, and each paragraph corresponds to a berry. The content of
each paragraph corresponds roughly to the idea of its headline. The connection
is not systematic, and as you notice, I often chose headlines that are modeled
in style after newspaper headlines. Why not apply the information methods of
newspapers to books also? There is a lot of know-how involved in designing good
headlines, and the newspaper journalists know very much about that.
Unfortunately, scientific and philosophical writers often
consider it below their dignity to write headlines. Shopenhauer may be the most
extreme case. He writes only four headlines in his whole work, and they are
absolutely uninformative: Erstes Buch, Zweites Buch... (first book, second
book...). This forces you to wade through all his verbiage because you have not
the slightest idea what is written in all this verbal morass until you have read
it all. I consider this close to mental rape. Today the fundamental requirement
of anything presented in writing is that there must be a structure that gives an
indication what you are about to read, before you have to read it itself. This
was already executed with the most exquisite craftsmanship by John Locke in
his essay "Of human understanding". The way how he wrote it and
structured it, should be a stringent minimal structuring principle for all
literature that asserts to be scientific. Unfortunately that is rarely the
case.
Even though I am not formally systematic about it, I have
taken care that there is usually not more talked about in the paragraph, than
what I have outlined in the title. This is a subtle dialectic, and if you follow
it for a while, I believe you will get the hang of it. This is a technique that
I haven't be able to find in any other book so far. I believe, that it would
improve the art of book writing about 100% if this technique were widely
pracised. With modern word processors supporting the outlining technique, there
is no problem at all using the method. And it would make the fast reading of
books so much more efficient than it is now.
0.3.4. Never try to read the book
cover to cover
This is the most exasperating and frustrating way to go about
the reading. I have had to order the material in some way that seems logical to
me today, and the same structure is entirely contraproductive tomorrow. I am
quite glad I have the WinWord outline feature which allows me to move around
whole sections of the book to different places, and I have used it often. I
don't know how people in earlier ages could have written books without it. To
choose an outline before writing confines you to one specific structure. If you
know exactly what you are going to write, that is fine. But that is not the case
with this book. This is the report of an ongoing work that is updated regularly.
And if I get new insights, I must be able to change the structure of what I am
writing.
INFRASTRUCTURES OF
REPRESENTATION:
A QUEST FOR
MULTIMEDIAL SYMBOLIZATION SYSTEMS
[1]Leider sind diese "guten
alten Zeiten", wie alle anderen auch, reine Fiktion, denn in Platos Jugend fiel
die große soziale Katastrophe des Griechentums, der pelloponesische Krieg,
der Griechenland als ausgeblutete Ruine hinterließ. Platos Denken war
schon Spätzeitdenken.
[2] Pascal hated Jesuites,
Leibniz was protestant, but had good connections to them, and Father Bouvet was
a Jesuite missionary in China and correponded with Leibniz.
[3] Of course I am only
kidding. This trick was well known to all priests and missionaries of all
religions throughout all the ages. It is an old mantic custom which relies on
the law of synchrony which is at the base of spiritual belief systems.
[4] Each of those religious
cultures (Hindu, Islam, Jewish) also had training methods to employ analogous
kinds of logic like the Jesuite. Best known in the West is the Jewish Talmud
logic, and by many accounts, the Jewish experts are even better at their task
than the Jesuites.
[5] Some people claim they can
work with modern language translations, but I believe that they are just fooling
themselves and others. The English King James version and the German Luther
version of the bible were deliberately composed to achieve definite mind
machinations with which I am not too happy. This is the old traduttore -
traditore dilemma. Modern languages have totally different association networks,
so called "embedded ontologies", than archaic languages. And religious /
spritual texts rely on the old association networks. A good explanation of the
phenomenon can be found in Schopenhauer's discussion on Religion.